<p>Fort McCulloch was a Confederate military fort built by CSA Brigadier General Albert Pike in the Indian Territory during the American Civil War after the Battle of Pea Ridge.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>After the southern states seceded from the United States of America, Albert Pike negotiated treaties between the Five Civilized Tribes and the Confederate government, promising that the Confederacy would take over the obligations that the Union failed to fulfill and take over defense for the Indian Territory.</p><br>
<p>Pike was appointed commander of the Department of the Indian Territory in November 1861. His first assignment was to construct a fort north of Bacone College on the Arkansas River near Muskogee. He named this site Cantonment Davis. However, he and his troops were ordered to leave the site to support the Confederate troops at Pea Ridge. They never returned to Cantonment Davis.</p><br>
<p>Pikes Native American troops participated in the Battle of Pea Ridge near Leetown, Arkansas in March 1862. The battle was a defeat for the Confederate Army. Pike then considered that his Indian Territory command post at Fort Davis, Cherokee Nation, was vulnerable to a Union attack. He retreated to the Choctaw Nation in southern Indian Territory. Pike chose a site on a bluff on the west side of the Blue River near Nails Crossing, where he established Fort McCulloch, named for General Benjamin McCulloch, who fell in battle at Pea Ridge.</p><br>
<p>The site, about 3 miles southwest of the present-day town of Kenefic, Oklahoma, controlled military roads linking Fort Smith with Fort Washita, Fort Gibson and north Texas. The fort had earthworks, but no permanent buildings. Its importance diminished after Pike resigned his command in July 1862. It was not abandoned until the end of the war. Meanwhile it served as a haven for pro-Confederate refugees. General Stand Watie used it briefly as a command post in 1865.</p><br>
<p>Fort McCulloch was built to defend Texas from a Union attack. It had extensive earthworks designed to defend against any advance.</p><br>
<p>Mitchells Island is the largest of several islands in the mouth of the Manning River. It is roughly triangular in shape and has an area of approximately 50 square miles. It is bordered on the north by the main channel of the Manning River, on the southwest by Scotts Creek, and on the east by the Pacific Ocean. The ocean edge extends from Old Bar in the south to Harrington to the north.</p><br>
<p>Mitchells Island is located at 31°5360S 152°370E and varies its altitude from sea level to 151 m. It is named after Thomas Livingstone Mitchell (1792–1855), who served as Surveyor-General for Australia. It and the adjacent Oxley Island is a shale outcrop rather than a sandy deposit.</p><br>
<p>The population of Mitchells Island is approximately 300 permanent residents. Much of the island was covered by dairy farms but today there is only one remaining farm. It is a popular holiday location and has two caravan parks and many rental homes and units.</p><br>
<p>Mitchells Island largely consists of dense rainforest, home to many native animals including koalas, echidnas, wallabies, possums, bandicoots, quolls, goannas and birds.</p><br>
<p>The housing estate Manning Waters was developed in 1991 with two houses, growing to 36 homes today. The Mitchell family are the local guides, providing an information centre. The Islands famed Mitchells family home and information/manning tours centre is situated between the Islands historical St. Marks church which was built in the 1940s in the place where its large cedar log washed down river from the timber mill during floods, and the Best view cemetery, on the highest point of the Island looking over the river towards the little brother mountain ranges.</p><br>
<p>There is one village on the island, Manning Point, approximately 330 km north of Sydney. Besides the holiday rental units, it has a general store, a bowling club, the two caravan parks, a cafe, and a bait shop. The general store is also the news agent, the video rental shop, the Australia Post Office, the bottle shop, the burger and fish and chips grill, and the grocery store.</p><br>
<p>The Pacific Ocean forms the eastern border of the island. While the entire length is a sand beach, there are two accesses. The northern access is from the village of Manning Point and is reinforced to allow four-wheel drive vehicle access. The southern access is from Beach Road. This access is a narrow path over the boundary dune. Neither beach is patrolled.</p><br>
<p>The Battle–Friedman House  is an antebellum town home located in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. The house was built in 1835 by Alfred Battle and his wife, Millicent Battle. The house&#39;s grounds include the only remaining documented antebellum garden in the state. The house itself is noted for its vernacular use of monumental boxed columns. The Battle family lived in the house until 1875, when the home was purchased by Bernard Friedman. The Friedman family continued to reside in the house until Victor Hugo Friedman died in 1965, leaving the house to the city of Tuscaloosa. The Tuscaloosa County Preservation Society currently maintains the house as a historic house museum. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>Bloomfield Academy was a Chickasaw school for girls founded in 1852 by the Reverend John Harpole Carr, located in the Chickasaw Nation in Indian Territory, about 3 miles southeast of the present town of Achille, Oklahoma. It was a boarding school funded by both the Missouri Conference of the Methodist Church and the government of the Chickasaw Nation. Rev. Carr was a licensed Methodist preacher who had joined the "Indian Mission Conference" in 1845 and traveled around the Doaksville circuit for six years. His first wife, Harriet, died in 1847. Carr continued his work for the school and remarried in 1852. The new Mrs. Carr joined the faculty, teaching music and "fancy work" to the girls.</p><br>
<p>The Academy closed during the Civil War, and the property was taken over by the Chickasaw Battalion, a Confederate Army unit. After the war, Carr was appointed to a new position by the Methodist Church South, He had married his third wife in 1865, and the couple moved to Texas. The Chickasaw Nation government took control of Bloomfield Academy and reopened it in 1867. A series of superintendents followed. Perhaps the most notable of these was Douglas H. Johnston, who remained in the post from 1880 until 1895. In 1897, Johnston was elected governor of the Chickasaw Nation, a position he held until the Chickasaw government was abolished by Oklahoma Statehood in 1907.</p><br>
<p>Responsibility for the Academy was taken by the Federal Government, and the school continued in its former surroundings until 1914, when most of the buildings were destroyed by a fire. The school moved to Ardmore, Oklahoma. The school was made coeducational and renamed Carter Seminary in 1934.</p><br>
<p>In 2004, Carter Seminary moved to a new location on Lake Texoma, where it operates at present.</p><br>
<h2>Pre-Civil War</h2><br>
<p>In the fall of 1847, the Missouri Conference appointed Rev, Carr to superintend the construction of Bloomfield Academy in the Choctaw Nation. In 1852, he selected a site and began the construction, even performing some of the manual labor himself. Carr married has second wife, Miss Angelena Hosmer, a native of Massachusetts, in June, 1852.</p><br>
<p>Funding was always tight. One source was an annual contribution of $1000 from a fund that Congress has voted for George Washington, but which the former president had set apart for educational purposes. The Choctaw Nation and later the Chickasaw Nation contributed two-thirds of the annual operating expenses, while the Methodist Board contributed one-third. Expenditures were held down because Rev. Carr, a skilled woodworker, performed all of the carpentry and cabinet work himself. In addition, he also raised corn, wheat and potatoes on the Academy property. He even added two orchards producing peaches, plums and apples. Mrs. Carr was the teacher of handicrafts ("fancy work") and music.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the Civil War, Bloomfield&#39;s curriculum consisted of basic academics, domestic and religious topics. Domestic classes covered sewing, cooking and housework. Religious instruction mainly involved memorizing Christian scriptures, which the missionaries wanted to replace Chickasaw traditions. When the Civil War broke out in 1861, Bloomfield and all other boarding schools in Indian Territory closed.</p><br>
<h2>Civil War</h2><br>
<p>Right after the firing on Fort Sumpter, which opened the US Civil War, the fathers of many of the students enlisted, and their families called their girls home. Bloomfield Academy closed in May 1861. The Carrs continued to live at the site, but Angelina Carr died there in September, 1864. Near the end of the war, Rev. Carr learned that his oldest son, Joel Henry, who had been promoted to first lieutenant, had died of a gunshot wound.</p><br>
<h2>Post Civil War</h2><br>
<h3>Leadership</h3><br>
<p>Rev. Carr married his third wife, Miss S. J. Johnson, in August, 1865. In September 1866, the Indian Mission Annual Conference met at Bloomfield. Carr was appointed Presiding Elder of Choctaw and Chickasaw District. The Carrs left Bloomfield in December 1867. They settled in Paris, Texas. No longer Presiding Elder, he served for a while as a supply (substitute minister) on the local circuit as needed. Family illnesses caused him to leave this work and take a job at a furniture store. Rev. Carr contracted pneumonia and died on December 29, 1876.</p><br>
<p>The Chickasaw government reopened Bloomfield Academy as a coeducational school in the same year. Captain Frederic Young was put in charge for the first year. Dr. and Mrs. H. F. Murray succeeded Captain Young as superintendent for two years. Professor Robert Cole then led the school from 1870 to 1875. Professor J. E. Wharton was superintendent from 1876 to 1880. He was followed by Robert Boyd, who resigned in 1882.</p><br>
<p>In 1876, the Chickasaw legislature provided for the Chickasaw Manual Labor Academy, a school for Chickasaw boys. Bloomfield Academy once again became a school for girls only. Douglas H. Johnston and his wife completed Boyds term, then received a new 5-year contract. Mrs. Johnston died during this time, and Johnston remarried in 1885. The couple remained at Bloomfield until 1895. Then Johnston was elected governor of the Chickasaw Nation. Johnston popularized education among the Chickasaws. Professor Elihu B. Hinshaw succeeded Johnston and served until 1906. Hinshaw is credited with obtaining a charter from the Chickasaw Legislature that allowed Bloomfield to confer diplomas on students who completed the schools curriculum. J. R. Hendricks served after Hinshaw, and was succeeded by Annie Ream Addington, who remained in charge until 1914, when the main building burned down. Instead of rebuilding, Bloomfield Academy relocated to Ardmore, Oklahoma.</p><br>
<h3>Postwar curriculum</h3><br>
<p>The focus of the curriculum had changed. According to the Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, the aim was "...to educate students to become leaders, to participate in both Indian and white communities, and to help Chickasaws transcend significant social and economic boundaries." Domestic training was eliminated and religious training was deemphasized. The academic training became more like that of a junior college. The school became known as the "Bryn Mawr of the West."</p><br>
<p>Control passed to the United States government after passage of the Curtis Act in 1898.</p><br>
<p>After relocating to Ardmore, Bloomfield resumed operations. In 1934, it was renamed as Carter Seminary. The new name honored Charles D. Carter. In 1949, Carter Seminary became co-educational and boarded Native American children from all over the United States. In 2002, plans were made to relocate the Seminary to 160 acres of land on Lake Texoma, near Kingston, Oklahoma creating a Chickasaw Children&#39;s Village. The new facility opened in 2004 and continues to operate until the present.</p><br>
<p>Frontier House was home to several Niagara County businessmen and honored guests. It was considered to be a premier hotel in its day. The house is recognized as a landmark and a structure on the list of National Register of Historic Places listings in Niagara County, New York since 1974. The structure has served as a hotel, private home, a fine dining restaurant, museum, and a fast food establishment . It is found in Western New York, about ten minutes from Niagara Falls.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>The Frontier House, built in 1824, is situated at 460 Center Street, Lewiston, New York, of Niagara County and was hailed as the best hotel west of Albany. Prominent business men of Lewiston, Benjamin and Samuel Barton along with Joshua Fairbank headed the building of the tavern. Its walls were shaped with stone from Canada by 18 men over 18 months. As the structure was erected, Lewiston attracted more people than the city of Buffalo, New York. The structure when completed stood four stories high. Its rectangular shape, double parallel chimneys, oval windows, full-width porch and hipped roof is characterized as the Federal style of architecture The first floor served as offices, the second was a luxurious ballroom. The third floor included fourteen bedrooms with fireplaces and the fourth floor was used for meetings, famously for free masons. The structure was added to the National Register of Historic places on July 8, 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Guests</h2><br>
<p>Dewitt Clinton, President William McKinley, Samuel Clemens, Charles Dickens, Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, John L. Sullivan and Jenny Lind were all honored guests of the Frontier House. In the 1800s ten coach trains arrived and departed from the Frontier House hotel daily carrying these among other influential people.</p><br>
<h2>Ownership</h2><br>
<p>The hotel was maintained by its descendants and later turned into a private home. George Rector purchased the inn and added the Frontier House Restaurant. Daughters of Rector inherited the hotel in the 1930s. In the economic boom of the 1960s area factories in Niagara Falls were welcoming newcomers at a rate of 11,000. The Frontier House rented its rooms to sleep three for each eight-hour shift because of the growing demand for housing. In June 1964, Mr. and Mrs. James Russell of Buffalo renovated the hotel into a museum and restaurant. Dining rooms, the Lafayette Ballroom was named on the second floor, a Victorian parlor and Early American bedroom styles were presented on the third floor and the fourth was private quarters. In September 1973, the manager and chef of Frontier House were rescued in a fire. One dining room was destroyed along with widespread water damage. Two years later the historic hotel of Lewistons future was handed to William McDonald, who restored the interior and leased it to the McDonalds food chain. McDonald&#39;s closed in 2004, and the structure has been vacant ever since. It was acquired by the village of Lewiston in July 2013.</p><br>
<h2>Haunting accounts</h2><br>
<p>The Frontier House of Lewiston is believed to be haunted by a bricklayer who opposed the Free Masons. William Morgan was kidnapped and held behind the house until he allegedly was imprisoned at Fort Niagara. Hotel employees claimed doors opened and closed voluntarily. Workers during the remodeling of the house for the McDonald&#39;s restaurant found tools and other equipment disappear before their eyes. Contractors heard strange sounds and windows opened. The ghost of an elderly man was purportedly seen in the pantry and an employee showering in the residence alleges to have seen the silhouette of a woman. There is a theory that while the structure was being built, one worker fell from the third floor into the basement and died. The legend says that two of his fellow workers stuffed him in a stone used to build the wall of the basement to cover up the evidence.</p><br>
<p>The Yorba Hacienda was a domestic dwelling constructed by Bernardo Yorba on the Rancho Cañón de Santa Ana Mexican land grant, and located in the present city of Yorba Linda, California. It was notable as the seat of the wealthiest member of the Yorba family and as the largest adobe hacienda in Alta California.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>On August 1, 1834, Mexican Governor José Figueroa granted to Bernardo Yorba 13,328 acre on the north side of the Santa Ana River, about four miles upstream from the José Antonio Yorba hacienda "El Refugio" on Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana.</p><br>
<h3>Bernardo Yorba Hacienda</h3><br>
<p>In 1835, Bernardo Yorba began construction on a two-story adobe house that was to be one of the finest and largest in all of Alta California. Construction was completed in stages over several years. The main buildings were arranged to form three sides of a square and boasted 200 rooms, The southern face of the main structure was measured to be 106 feet in length and surviving photographs show it to be over 20 feet at the peak of the roof. Pine beams were cut and brought by oxen from the San Bernardino Mountains to add support to the structures. (now Imperial Highway bridge).</p><br>
<h3>Iglesia de San Antonio</h3><br>
<p>Around the time of Bernardo&#39;s death in 1858, a small adobe chapel, Iglesia de San Antonio, was built about 1,000 yards southwest of the residence. It was dedicated on April 29, 1860 to San Antonio, patron saint of the Yorba household. In the 1890s the adobe chapel was so weathered that a wooden church was built a few yards away on the west side. The wooden church was abandoned about 1948 and was gone by 1956.</p><br>
<h3>Yorba Cemetery</h3><br>
<p>About the time the adobe chapel was built, a plot of land on the hill overlooking the hacienda to its southeast was set aside as the Yorba Cemetery. Over 400 people were buried there through the 1930s. Bernardo&#39;s remains, those of his second wife, and eight other Yorbas were re-interred there in 1923 when the Old Calvary Cemetery in Los Angeles was closed due to construction. The last burials were in 1939.</p><br>
<h2>Life at the Hacienda</h2><br>
<p>The rancho headquarters, Hacienda de San Antonio, was also known as Rancho San Antonio. Other names include San Antonio de Santa Ana or San Antonio de los Yorbas. This was the center of all activity in the area in that time. In 1842, Governor Manuel Micheltorena stayed at the Yorba homestead and supplied his soldiers with provisions from the ranch. On January 6, 1847 General Stephen W. Kearny and Commodore Robert F. Stockton camped just down stream from the hacienda, in a Yorba irrigation ditch which ran from the Santa Ana River to Santa Ana Vieja. Just days later they won the Battle of Rio San Gabriel near Los Angeles, securing southern California for the Americans and leading to the end of Mexican rule in California.</p><br>
<p>Being far from the nearest town, Los Angeles, Bernado Yorba thought it wise to have all the trades represented on site. There were four woolcombers, two tanners, one soapmaker, and one butter and cheese man who supervised the milking of 50 to 60 cows. There was also a harness maker, two shoe makers, a jeweler, and one plasterer as well as a carpenter and a blacksmith. Yorba also had two errand boys, one sheepherder, a cook and a baker. Also employed were two washer women, one woman to iron, four sewing women, a dressmaker, two gardeners, a schoolmaster and winemakers. Among the wines made, Angelica and Port are mentioned, as well as the distilling of whiskey and brandy. Provisions were brought all the way from San Francisco for the hacienda; dates, dried fruits, fancy crackers and candy were also supplied to surrounding ranches. About 100 Gabrieleño Indians worked for Bernardo Yorba on the rancho, living in a nearby village.</p><br>
<p>As the auxiliary alcalde, Bernardo needed a place to keep lawbreakers. A jail was located between the main residence and the schoolrooms. The dark cellar below ground was called the dungeon where criminals were locked up.</p><br>
<p>After the death of Bernardo Yorba in 1858, the Indian servants left and the hacienda went into a slow decline as property and land was divided among the Yorba heirs.</p><br>
<h2>Destruction</h2><br>
<p>In 1917 and again in late 1919, Don Meadows and Roch Bradshaw, two local students, visited the ruins to measure, photograph and study the site. Don Meadows would later write a short account of their explorations, published as "The House of Bernardo Yorba" by the Orange County Historical Society. The Yorba family and the County Supervisors could not agree on the amount of land to be set aside for the preservation of the Yorba home. In 1926 the property&#39;s owner, Samuel Kraemer, demolished the building to prevent further vandalism, and plowed in a new barley field on the site. All the adobe ruins and the remaining trees were torn down and deposited into a barranca nearby. The Yorba cemetery closed in 1939 and thereafter vandals destroyed or stole many of the grave markers.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>The site of the hacienda is registered by the state as California Historical Landmark #226. A stone marker, placed by the California Centennials Commission and dedicated 3 May 1950, has a bronze plaque titled "Site of Don Bernardo Yorba Hacienda" which gives a brief summary of the historical background of the site. The marker faces south and is located on the northeast corner of Esperanza Road and Echo Hill Lane in Yorba Linda, at the entrance to the Fairmont Hill community. According to the plaque, the base was furnished by the Placentia Round Table Club and supposedly contains some of the original adobe bricks from the hacienda structure salvaged from the barranca where it was dumped. There are a few red bricks found on the backside, but most of the base seems to be made of large stones cemented together. The site marker is actually 55 yards northeast from the east wall of the original main structure. Based on survey reports registered with the county, the true site of this structure is parallel with the road in what is now the westbound fast lane of Esperanza road on the north side of the center divider, midway along the left turn lane opposite Echo Hill Lane.</p><br>
<p>The Yorba Cemetery, now surrounded by Woodgate Park and Woodgate Condominium Association, is the only surviving part of the Yorba Hacienda. The cemetery was deeded to the county of Orange in 1967 and is presently (2010) administered by the county parks department. Restoration efforts are underway and tours are available.</p><br>
<p>Liendo Plantation is an historic cotton plantation in Waller County, Texas, United States. Named after its original owner, José Justo Liendo, the plantation was purchased in 1873 by sculptor Elisabet Ney and her husband, physician Edmund Montgomery. The plantation is a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The land that is now Liendo Plantation was granted to José Justo Liendo in 1828, when the region was a part of Mexico. In 1841 the plot was purchased by Leonard Waller Groce, who made the land into a working cotton plantation, adding a plantation home to the site in 1853. During the American Civil War, the facility was turned to Confederate military use as "Camp Groce," used first as a training camp and then as a military prison.</p><br>
<p>On March 4, 1873, the plantation and home were purchased by German American sculptor Elisabet Ney and Scottish American physician and scientist Edmund Montgomery, a married couple moving to Texas from Georgia. Ney and Montgomery occupied the plantation from 1873 through Montgomery&#39;s death in 1911, though from 1892 Ney largely removed to Austin, Texas. Both are buried on the grounds.</p><br>
<p>The plantation home was designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1936; a second designation gave the same status to the entire plantation in 1964. The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 21, 1971.</p><br>
<p>The Camp Nelson Civil War Heritage Park is a 525 acre historical museum and park located in southern Jessamine County, Kentucky, 20 mi south of Lexington, Kentucky. It was established in 1863 as a depot for the Union army during the Civil War. It became a recruiting ground for new soldiers from eastern Tennessee and escaped slaves, many of whom trained to be soldiers.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>Camp Nelson was established as a supply depot for Union invasions into Tennessee. It was named for Major General William "Bull" Nelson, who had recently been murdered. It was placed near Hickman Bridge, the only bridge across the Kentucky River upriver from the state capital (Frankfort, Kentucky). The site was selected to protect the bridge, to have a base of operations in central Kentucky, and to prepare to attack the Cumberland Gap and eastern Tennessee. The camp was also used as a site to train new soldiers for the Union army. The Kentucky River&#39;s steep palisades contributed to the selection of the site—they would help defend the camp from Confederate attack.</p><br>
<p>Camp Nelson may have been the best choice for a central Kentucky depot, but it was inadequate. When Union Major General Ambrose Burnside attacked the Cumberland Gap and Knoxville, Tennessee, Camp Nelson&#39;s distance from the Gap and Knoxville, combined with lack of railroads and the weather, hampered the Union advance. When overall Union commander Ulysses S. Grant visited Camp Nelson in January 1864, he was displeased, observing that "no portion of our supplies can be hauled by teams from Camp Nelson". The situation of the camp had not improved by spring of 1864, and Grant leaned toward abandoning it entirely. William Tecumseh Sherman advocated that its role be diminished instead, which saved Camp Nelson. It took on the role of training black soldiers, who volunteered for the US Colored Troops.</p><br>
<p>In July 1863 and June 1864, Union forces feared that the camp might be attacked by Confederate general John Hunt Morgan, who was conducting raids in Kentucky and other border states, as well as Ohio. In 1863 Morgan was headed for Indiana and Ohio in his most famous raid. It was never confirmed whether he intended to attack the camp in 1864.</p><br>
<h2>Black history</h2><br>
<p>In August 1863 thousands of slaves forced to build railroads for the Union army were stationed at Camp Nelson. They had escaped to Union lines, or joined Union forces which had taken over rebel areas. The army needed the help of their work. These former slaves, at least 3,000 in number, were the primary builders of Camp Nelson, starting with fortifying Hickman Bridge on May 19, 1863. Prior to Lincoln issuing the Emancipation Proclamation, the Army declared such former slaves as "contraband" and refused to return them to the southern slaveholders, as the Confederacy demanded. The Army did use former slaves as laborers. No blacks enlisted in the USCT in Kentucky until 1864, whereas in other border states, former slaves started enlisting in October 1863.</p><br>
<p>At Camp Nelson 10,000 African Americans were emancipated from slavery in exchange for service in the Union army. These soldiers sometimes brought their families to Camp Nelson; such refugees totaled 3,060 and were cared for by missionaries. At one point, in November 1864, Camp Nelson was not a legal place of refuge for slaves. The Union soldiers forced out 400 women and children to leave the camp; the refugees suffered 102 deaths due to severe weather until allowed to return to camp.</p><br>
<p>The most African-American recruits arrived at the camp between June and October 1864, with 322 men enlisting on a single day on July 25. After that, only 20 more recruits arrive in 1864. In January, 15 signed up, and from February to April 1865, there were six. Among the units raised at Camp Nelson were the 5th and 6th USA Colored Cavalry Regiments and the 114th and 116th Colored Heavy Artillery Regiments. After the war, Camp Nelson was a center for giving ex-slaves their emancipation papers. Many have considered the camp as their "cradle of freedom".</p><br>
<p>After the war, the United States Sanitary Commission (USSC) operated a soldiers&#39; home for a time at Camp Nelson, in former barracks. It was one of a series of homes and rest houses they operated for soldiers.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Presently, 525 acres of the original property are preserved as the Camp Nelson Civil War Heritage Park. Most of the buildings at the camp were sold. The camp is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and was declared a National Historic Landmark District in March 2013.</p><br>
<p>Camp Nelson is currently controlled by the Jessamine County Fiscal Court. The county and some local leaders would like to transfer Camp Nelson to the National Park Service. The site was designated as part of the National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom, which runs through several states and has sites in Canada and the Antilles. In 2008 USA Representative Ben Chandler was studying funding issues related to such a transfer of property.</p><br>
<p>The park has more than a mile of walking paths. Ghost tours are occasionally available.</p><br>
<p>Camp Nelson National Cemetery is two miles to the south. It has organized records of burials online so that families may trace relatives buried here, in addition to those who trained or lived at the camp.</p><br>
<p>File:Camp Nelson tent display.JPGTent display in Interpretive Center</p><br>
<p>File:Camp Nelson gray building.JPGGray building at Camp Nelson</p><br>
<p>The San Agustin de Laredo Historic District is a historical district that covers what was once the original city of Laredo, Texas that was established by Don Tomás Sánchez. Today, the district is located in Downtown Laredo. The San Agustin District is home to San Agustin Cathedral  and to the Republic of the Rio Grande Capitol. Most of the districts streets are made from bricks. Most of the buildings in the district reflect Spanish and Mexican influences and are made from masonry. The district is considered the last example of Spanish Colonization of the Lower Rio Grande Valley. The San Agustin de Laredo Historic District is registered in the National Register of Historic Places since 1973. Its historic significance is Architecture and Engineering. Its architectural style is Mission, Spanish Revival, and Greek Revival.</p><br>
<h2>Gallery of San Agustin Historic District</h2><br>
<p>Ropar Wetland, also named Ropar Lake, is a man-made freshwater riverine and lacustrine wetland. The area has at least 9 mammal, 154 bird , 35 fish, 9 arthropod, 11 rotifer, 9 crustacean and 10 protozoan species, making it biologically diverse.</p><br>
<p>This important ecological zone is located in the Shivalik foothills of the Lower Himalayas and was created in 1952 on the Sutlej River, in the Punjab state of India, by building a head regulator to store and divert water for beneficial uses of irrigation, drinking and industrial water supply. The endangered turtle Chitra indica and the threatened snake Python molurus ("at lower risk"), as per IUCN Red List, are reported to be resident in the wetland. Considering the wetland’s diverse and rich biodiversity, Ramsar Convention has included Ropar Wetland (listed as Ropar Lake) as one of the Ramsar sites among the 26 sites listed under India, for “the conservation of global biological diversity and for sustaining human life through the ecological and hydrological functions they perform.”</p><br>
<p>The wetland is a popular tourist attraction for bird watching and boating. A tourism complex called the ‘Pinccasia’ is located within the wetland boundary, which is run by the Punjab Tourism Development Corporation. A boat club is also functioning.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The wetland is located close to the Rupnagar city, 45 km northwest of Chandigarh City, in Roopnagar and Nawanshahr districts of Punjab. Chandigarh is the nearest airport, which connects to the rest of India.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>An archaeological museum of the Archaeological Survey of India at Ropar has displays of the antiquities unearthed during the excavations of mound in the area along with photographs displaying excavation material. The Museum depicts a sequence of six cultural periods or phases, with some breaks from Harappan times to the present day, found in the 21 metre high ancient mound known as Nalagarh Tibbi overlaying the Shiwalik (also spelt Sivalik) deposition on the left bank of the Satluj River where it emerges into the plains. A deep well with a stone inscription of Emperor Shah Jahan (AD 1627-1658) has been located at the foot of the mound. The excavations have established that advanced civilization similar to the Harappa and Mohenjodaro Civilization prospered in Ropar town, an integral part of the wetland.</p><br>
<h3>Anglo - Sikh treaty</h3><br>
<p>The wetland area has also a modern history in respect of Anglo - Sikh relations. On 26 October 1831, sitting under the shade of an old ficus tree on the bank of Sutlej River, Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Lord William Bentinck, the British Governor General signed an agreement defining the Anglo - Sikh relations and territories.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The total area covered by the Wetland is 1365 ha, which includes 800 ha area of the river and the reservoir, 30 ha of forest area named as Sadavarat Forest and 30 ha under marshy plants. The wetland is surrounded by hills in the North West and by plain area in the South and South East. Agricultural crops such as wheat, rice, sugarcane, sorghum etc., are grown in the farm lands in the area surrounding the wetland but the hills have thin vegetation and are exposed to intensive grazing.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>Climatically, the drainage area of the wetland falls under semi-arid zone of Punjab with mean annual rainfall of 1518 mm. Initially, in the year 1882, a small headwork was constructed on the right bank of Sutlej River, near Ropar town, to supply water to Sirhind Canal. Subsequently in 1952 a head regulator was constructed to divert water not only to the Bist Doab Canal but also to Sirhind Canal and to the Bhakra Main Canal (upstream of the wetland), for irrigation, industrial and domestic use.</p><br>
<h2>Water quality</h2><br>
<p>Water quality that determines the health of ecosystem of the wetland was monitored by the Punjab Pollution Control Board (PPCB) in the year 1998-99. The water quality was reported to be of A category as the river entered into Punjab and deteriorated to D category downstream of Ropar Lake, mainly due to the industrial effluents from a number of factories and industrial units. Further studies on physico-chemical analysis of important parameters, biological estimations as well as pesticide residue analysis have been initiated.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The wetland is rich in flora and fauna which are categorized below.</p><br>
<h3>Flora</h3><br>
<p>A total of 19 species of trees and 14 species of bushes and grasses are recorded. Of these, the tree species are Acacia catechu, Ameles modesta, Acacia nilotica, Albizzia lebbek Azadirachta indica, Bombax ceiba, Cassia fistula, Dalbergia sissoo, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Ficus benghalensis, Ficus religiosa, Mangifera indica, Melia azedarach, Moringa oleifera, Morus indica, Prosopis juliflora, Salix (willow), Syzygium cumini (jambul) and Zizyphus jujuba.</p><br>
<h3>Aquafauna</h3><br>
<p>Wetland is a major source of fisheries since large species of fishes have been recorded; some of the commercially important ones are: Rohu; Labeo gonius Seerha; Labeo calbasu Kalbans or Dhai; Labeo dero Gid; Labeo dyocheilus (Kunni); Catla catla Thal; Cirrhinus mrigala Mori; Puntius sarana Puthi; Cyprinus carpio communis (common carp); Cyprinus carpio spacularis (Mirror carp); Ceenopharyngodon idelle (grass carp); wallago attu Mali; Aorichthys seenghala Sangarha; Mastacembelus armatus Sam (Tire track eel); Ambasis ranga Shisha Mach; Channa punctatus Dolla (snake headed fish); and Channa striata Curd.</p><br>
<p>Gour species of frogs have been noted.</p><br>
<h3>Avifauna</h3><br>
<p>Several species of birds have been recorded including 49 local birds, 11 migratory birds, 3 rare birds and 54 common birds. Some of the rare migratory birds are: golden-backed woodpecker (Dinopium benghalense, crimson-breasted barbet (Megalaima haemacephala) and green barbet (Stactolaema olivacea).</p><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<p>Two species of tortoise (Geoclemys hamiltonii and Chitra indica both endangered), five species of lizards, eleven species of snakes including the threatened Python molurus or Indian python or ajgar are found in the wetland.</p><br>
<h2>Food chain</h2><br>
<p>The food chain in the wetland is basically well balanced as it has both deep water and shallow water characteristics and the ecosystem is stated to be</p><br>
<p>almost self sufficient and self-regulating. A Scientific study of the food chain has brought out the following sequence of facts.</p><br>
<p>Sunlight, pH, inorganic salts, nutrients and dissolved gases are the main abiotic components of the wetland ecosystems with the organic matter caused by the death and decay of animals and plants accumulating at the bottom of the lake</p><br>
<p>Decomposition at the bottom of the lake takes place due to a variety of heterotrophic microbes such as bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi; Aspergillus sp., Rhizopus sp., Curvularia sp., Paecilomyces sp., Saprolegnia sp. etc. are main species causing the decomposition</p><br>
<p>The producers of organic matter are the eutrophic green plants and some photosynthetic bacteria; the rooted submerged, floating and emergent hydrophytes being the Typha sp., Eleocharis sp., Sagittaria sp., Nymphaea sp., Potamogeton sp., Vallisneria sp., Eichhornia sp., Lemna sp. etc. and minute, floating or suspended lower plants like filamentous algae, diatoms, chlorococcales and flagellates.</p><br>
<p>Herbivores such as the mollusks, crustaceans, rotifers and some insects are the primary consumers which feed directly on plants.</p><br>
<p>Plant remains and organic matter nourish detritivores like the Chironomidae sp., mollusks, mites, some crustaceans and small fishes</p><br>
<p>Marginal rooted macrophytes are consumed by mammals such as buffaloes, cows etc. which frequent the shores of the lake</p><br>
<p>Hydrophytes are also the food source of some birds</p><br>
<p>Carnivores like the Predator beetles and bugs, dragonflies are the secondary consumers which feed on insects, mollusks, rotifers and crustaceans. Carnivorous fishes also belong to this category</p><br>
<p>Large carnivorous fishes and birds are the tertiary consumers which feed on small fishes and insects.</p><br>
<p>Top most consumer level is that of the human being and the fish eating birds, which feed mainly on fishes</p><br>
<h2>Adverse impacts on the wetland</h2><br>
<p>Over the years several adverse impacts on the quality of the wetland have been reported. Some of the important ones which invited remedial actions are:</p><br>
<p>Acute problems of siltation from the adjoining barren and fragile hills. Bare hills of the catchment are subject to continuous erosion leading to shrinkage of wetland area.</p><br>
<p>Unwarranted interference with the resident and migratory birds</p><br>
<p>Unauthorized fishing and poaching of wildlife causing damage to species</p><br>
<p>Increase in effluents from industrializatation in the upstream area of the wetland, such as the Fertilizer plant at Nangal and Thermal Power Plant at Ropar</p><br>
<p>Effluents of chemical pollutants like agrochemical residues run off, industrial effluents and sewage from some towns in the upper reaches of the wetland</p><br>
<p>Growth of Invasive weeds</p><br>
<h2>Restoration measures</h2><br>
<p>The Punjab State Council for Science & Technology has evolved several conservation programmes with support from the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoE&F) of the Govt of India. Some of the programmes implemented include mass awareness campaigns and promotion of public participation in the wetland conservation. A few of the measures planned and under various stages of implementation are:</p><br>
<p>Afforestation and soil conservation in the highly erosion prone catchment areas of the wetland,</p><br>
<p>To erect chain-link fencing of strategic areas of the wetland to prevent exploitation of vital wetland resources and prevent encroachments of the wetland</p><br>
<p>detailed survey, including remote sensing survey and preparation of comprehensive maps</p><br>
<p>Detailed taxonomic studies of plant and animal species</p><br>
<p>Introduce fish species sustain fragile relationship between the fish level and the other biotic resources like birds and primary producers and to set up new fish seed farms in addition to refurbish the existing ponds.</p><br>
<p>Economic assessment</p><br>
<p>The Somerset Apartments was an apartment building located at 1523 East Jefferson Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. It was also known as the Parkcrest Apartment Building. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Somerset Apartments were five interconnected rectangular buildings, each four stories, built in a row running rearward from Jefferson. It had 80 units and was over 45,000 ft&sup2;. The front façade was symmetrical, faced with limestone on the first story and red brick above, with arched windows on the first floor. The roofline had a dentiled cornice with a white frieze below.</p><br>
<h2>History and significance</h2><br>
<p>The apartment building was an excellent example of high-quality middle-class residential architecture from the 1920s. The Somerset Apartments was in a two-alarm fire on November 23, 2013. It was damaged beyond repair and was demolished 7 months later.</p><br>
<p>The Moross House is a house located at 1460 East Jefferson Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. It is one of the oldest surviving brick house in the city; it was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1971 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Moross House was completed in 1848 by brickmaker Christopher Moross; it was one of two built by Moross on the site. The ownership changed hands several times until the Detroit Historical Commission purchased it in the 1960s. The house was completely restored in 1971 - 1973. In 2002 the city of Detroit sold the home and property to Mr. and Mr. Roland Scott. In May 2016, the Moross House was sold to LTD Limited, LLC and Theodore M. Shinkle. Renovations and plans are ongoing for the home and property to become the studio and showroom for Shinkle Fine Art, LLC, a fine art business representing the acclaimed artworks of Mother/Son Artist Duo Linda K. Rodney and Theodore M. Shinkle. The Artist Duo is known for their luminous dimensional original works on metal created by hand using their original artist process, known as Metalagram®. Shinkle Fine Art also plans to operate the Moross House and gardens, now Detroit Secret Garden, as an event space for meetings, dinners and pop-ups.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Moross House is a three-bay townhouse, built in a vernacular Federal style with Greek Revival details, including heavy stone lintels and sidelights and a transom surrounding the entrance. The roof is parapeted with wood shingles, and a pair of chimneys bracket the roof. A single-story addition sits to the rear, and a second is on the side.</p><br>
<p>Praia da Granja is a FEE Blue Flag beach located in the Northwest of Portugal, and belongs to the Vila Nova de Gaia municipality, Porto District.</p><br>
<p>This place is also located in the town of São Félix da Marinha. The northern boundary of the beach is bordered by the Ribeira da Granja.</p><br>
<h2>Name origin</h2><br>
<p>The word Granja means Farm. The geographical location of Granja came from a Bishop Farm situated there in 1758. It belonged at that time to the "Crúzios" Monks and Priests.</p><br>
<p>They used it on hot days as a place to rest and introspect.</p><br>
<p>Portuguese poet Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen, who was from Porto, spent the summertime there with her family in their beach house mansion by the sea.</p><br>
<p>The city of Espinho can be found to the south, while the cities of Porto and Gaia can be found to the north.</p><br>
<h2>Facilities</h2><br>
<p>During the summer months Praia da Granja is patrolled by lifeguards. There are several licensed bar, restaurant concessions along the beach. there are toilet and shower facilities and there are opportunities to hire parasols and sun loungers.</p><br>
<p>The McCarthy Building is located on River Street on the west side of Monument Square in Troy, New York, United States. It was built in 1904 by Peter McCarthy, president of Troy Waste Manufacturing Co., and remains in use as a commercial building. In 1970 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970, along with the nearby Cannon Building. Since 1986 it has also been a contributing property to the Central Troy Historic District.</p><br>
<p>It is five stories tall and three bays wide. The eastern (front) facade is done in terra cotta with details in iron and glass. The latter two materials are combined to create the building&#39;s most distinctive feature, the proscenium-style arched window across the bottom two stories.</p><br>
<p>The building was constructed in 1904 during an early 20th-century building boom in downtown Troy. It originally housed the R.C. Reynolds home furnishing store. The store&#39;s grand opening on September 16, 1904 was attended by a crowd of thousands. An article in the Troy Times praised the building calling it "one of the most attractive show buildings in the city". It was almost demolished during urban renewal efforts in the late 1960s, but protests from residents and its listing on the Register helped to save it. In the 2000s, it became home to Light & Power Communications Ltd., a Capital District media company.</p><br>
<p>The Caaf Water in western Scotland  drains from the Caaf Reservoir above Dalry which is fed from Knockendon Reservoir. The Caaf Water&#39;s origins are springs below Green Hill and it is joined by the Bught Burn, the Reeves Burn, the Bradshaw Burn and the Stock Burn, passing the old Bradshaw  shooting lodge before passing the old farms of Knockendon, Birkheadsteel, and Birkhead.</p><br>
<p>At Giffordland Bridge the old Giffordlandmill is passed before the Caaf joins with the Caddell Burn and Tower Burn near Drumastle and enters the Lynn Glen with its picturesque spouts or waterfalls and finally enters the River Garnock south of Dalry.</p><br>
<h2>Drumastle Mill</h2><br>
<p>The mill was active in the late 19th century with two dams, one on the Caaf and the other on the Caddell Burn. The 1840&ndash;1888 OS map shows that a lade joined the two water courses with the mill. A ford and wooden footbridge were situated nearby and a dwelling marked as Muirfoot was located on the far bank of the Caaf. A lane linked the mill with Muirfoot and Linncraigs (now demolished) before running up to Linn House. William Roys map of 1747 records Drumastle as Drumaskus. An old Tower stood above the mill near the Tower Farm steading. Some OS maps corrupt Drumastle to Drumcastle.&#39;</p><br>
<h2>Lynn Glen</h2><br>
<p>Lynn Glen lies in the old Barony of Lynn, which was created from lands granted about 1204 by Hugh de Morville. It was first held by Walter de Lynne, who signed the Ragman Roll as Wautier de Lynne on 28 November 1296. On the same day, Walter de Lyn sat on a jury before the sheriff of Ayr, holding inquisition as to Lady Elena la Zuches interests in the Ayrshire town of Irvine. Walter and the other jurors, as well as the sheriff, are mentioned at the close of the resulting document as having appended their seals thereto. English law, which would have prevailed in legal proceedings when the Ragman Rolls were signed, provided that "jurors were generally drawn from the ranks of free men who held property". Walters position in the community is confirmed by his having a seal, although the Calendar notes - to the lament of Lynns everywhere: "Seals lost".</p><br>
<p>All that being said, Walter&#39;s family bore the name Lynne long before coming to Ayrshire; and they held all or some portion of the Ayrshire property for nearly half a millennium, from about 1204 until the mid 17th century. In 1532, John Lynn "for a sum of money to him paid, sold" to Thomas Boyd "forty-shilling land of the old extent of Lyn"., nevertheless retaining the mains or manor place, called at various times Burnside and Lynn Knoll, Over Lynn, and High Lynn. Eventually, however, even this was forsaken; and the ruins of the old manorial place in the 19th century was nothing more than a mound with some old cottage ruins near it.</p><br>
<p>The last Lynn of that Ilk died in Irvine, Ayrshire in 1670, and the last remnants of the family simply vanished, some say to Sweden. It has been claimed, though not proven, that Jenny Lind the "Swedish Nightingale" is descended from that family. The family itself has been described as "a beloved aristocracy that came, lingered a while, and vanished." Their property was parcelled out into lots among a number of heritors which in 1820 amounted to 16. The lairds of Lyne (sic) had a townhouse in Irvine as did many of the other lairds in Cunninghame.</p><br>
<p>In 1632, Thomas Boyd of Pitcon was also styled of Lin, owing to his father having purchased part of the old barony from the Lynns. By 1874, however, Lynn belonged to John Crichton. Paterson records that the property amounted to 240 acre and the four merk Land of Lynn belonged to Lord Boyd in 1576, from whom the Pollocks acquired it in about 1770. In 1866 it had passed from them to the Crichtons as stated. The 19th century mansion of Linn no longer exists and all that remains are some woodland policies and an ornate gatepost.</p><br>
<p>The Dalry "witch", Bessie Dunlop, who was tragically burned at the stake in Edinburgh, was the spouse of one "Jack o’ Linn." As told in "Reports of Cases Decided in the Supreme Court of Scotland on Appeal from Scotland...," Vol. XIII, by W. H. Dunbar, Esq., Advocate, Henry Beveridge, Esq., Advocate, and John Wadlaw, Esq., Advocate, Edinburgh (1841), the trial occurred in 1576, Jack&#39;s full name was Andrew Jack, and he and Bessie lived in Lynn. They were not members of the family of Lynn. By this time, in fact, the Lynn property was referred to as "the town and territory of Lyne in the bailliary of Cunningham and sheriffdom of Ayr," as found in a 1522 charter at the National Archives of Scotland and abstracted at the NAS website.</p><br>
<p>During the "persecution times" of Charles II when the Covenanters were being hounded throughout south-west Scotland for their refusal to accept Episcopacy in the Kirk, Alexander Peden preached to the people from the natural pulpit of Pinnoch Point, now more often referred to as Peden’s Point.</p><br>
<h3>Bourtreehill House</h3><br>
<p>The Lands of Bourtreehill were at one time held by the Linn family.</p><br>
<h3>Legends of the glen</h3><br>
<h4>The Wraith of Lord Lyne</h4><br>
<p>The story is told of Lady Lyne, mother of the young Lord Lyne, many years ago witnessing the wraith of her son, a warning of his impending death. The Lyne family had a tradition of such premonitions and on this occasions she was in the glen when all of a sudden she espied a company of huntsmen on horseback; her son in the lead with the dogs, who were in full cry after a stag. As she watched this vivid scene they vanished like a dream. She hurried back to urgently find and warn her son.</p><br>
<p>Lord Lyne listened and accepted his fate, for what could he do if it was indeed God&#39;s will. The next day he was up and about, bright and early, but never to return. His anxious mother had sent out all the servants to search the glen for him, eventually finding her son in a pool at the foot of Lynn Spout, seemingly having fallen and then drowned. Lady Lyne believed to her dying day that her son had encountered death himself that morning in Lynn Glen and that her vision was that of her son hard on the heals of a ghostly stag and the wild dogs of hell.</p><br>
<h4>Views of the Lynn spout and Glen</h4><br>
<h2>The natural history</h2><br>
<h3>The Laird of Lynn's lesson from the grave to his son</h3><br>
<p>The ancient ballad from which the following story was derived has often been associated with the Linns or Lynns in Ayrshire but more likely was a tale of the Lynes in Peebles-shire. The ballad was collected and published by Thomas Percy in London in 1765 in his "Reliques of Ancient English Poetry: Consisting of Old Heroic Ballads, Songs, and Other Pieces of Our Earlier Poets" (Vol. II, pp. 309&ndash;18). There, Percy described the ballad as being "originally composed beyond the Tweed," understood to mean in the Scottish Borders. The association with Ayrshire likely came about because Timothy Pont, about 1600, assumed that the ballad must have been a tale of the Ayrshire family since he wrongly believed that "no other race of the same name and designation ever known to have existed in the country..." Pont admits, however, that local tradition was silent on the subject. Ponts account was written about 1600 and was published by The Maitland Club in 1820 as the "Topographical Account of the District of Cunningham, Ayrshire. Compiled About the Year 1600 by Mr. Timothy Pont. With Notes and an Appendix." What Pont apparently did not know was that a David de Lyne lived in Peeble-shire in 1270 and was described in a volume of "The Scots Peerage" (Vol. IX, p. 199) as being the "quondam Domini of Locherworth." Nearly a century earlier, David de Lyne, son of Robert de Lyne, and Davids uncle Walter de Lyne held rights to the Chapel of Lyne in Peebles-shire, as reported in "The Book of Stobo Church. Being the First Volume of a Series of Books of the Church," p. 6, Dr. Gunn, Peebles (1907). The gist of the ballad is as follows...</p><br>
<p>The Laird of Lynn despaired of his naive and foolish son, generous to a fault and giving trust were none was deserved. On his death bed he called for his son and one last time warned him of the perils that a rich man faced in this world. With his last breath he told his son that if he lost everything he should go to a ruinous old cottage which would be his last hope for shelter. As the months went by the young laird entertained his many new friends and indeed his gamekeepers son, known as Jock O&#39; the Scales, was especially helpful and supportive. Shortly the young Lord found that all his money was spent and eagerly accepted an offer from Jock who purchased the barony and promptly threw the laird out his home and exiled him from his lands. Full of self-importance, upon his successful betrayal, Jock offered to sell the whole property back for a fraction of its value, knowing that such a young fool would never be capable of gaining even such a relatively small sum.</p><br>
<p>The Laird of Lynn remembered his fathers death bed advice and the small key he had been given, so in his despair sought out his last resort, the dilapidated cottage in the woods at Coal-heuch-glen. After much searching he found and entered the building, only to be greeted by the sight of a hangmans noose dangling from the ceiling. Convinced of his fathers apparent message from the dead he put the rope around his neck, only to find himself falling to the floor and being rained upon by plaster. He saw a letter in his fathers hand and this directed him to a corner of the cottage where behind two loose stones he found a chest full of silver and gold. A new wisdom, from an almost fatal lesson, guided the Laird of Linn for the rest of his days, living quietly, with many real friends to enjoy; dwelling in his ancestral home and upon his lands, bought back from that despairing traitor, Jock O&#39; the Scales.</p><br>
<h3>Views of Laigh Craig Mill</h3><br>
<p>Annington is a historic home located at Poolesville, Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. The house is constructed of brick, Flemish bond, consisting of three two-story sections: a main block three bays wide, a wing to the west two bays wide, and a wing to the east three bays wide. The house was built during the wheat boom of the early 1810s that the western counties of Maryland and nearby Virginia experienced with the opening of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. The Georgian house was built in about 1813, for Daniel Trundle, a planter, and member of the Maryland State Legislature for ten years. The site is a commanding one, overlooking the Potomac River, and during the American Civil War was a strategic lookout point and occupied by Union officers.</p><br>
<p>Annington was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Beall–Dawson House is a historic home located at Rockville, Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. It is a -story Federal house, three bays wide by two deep, constructed of Flemish bond brick on the front facade and common bond elsewhere. Outbuildings on the property include an original brick dairy house and a mid-19th century one-room Gothic Revival frame doctor&#39;s office which was moved to the site for use as a museum. The house was constructed in 1815.</p><br>
<p>It serves as the headquarters of the Montgomery County Historical Society which maintains the house as an early 19th-century period historic house museum. The house also include indoor slave quarters, and two rooms with changing exhibits of local history.</p><br>
<p>The Beall–Dawson House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>The property also includes the Stonestreet Museum of 19th Century Medicine, a one-room doctor&#39;s office with medical and pharmaceutical tools, furniture, and books from the 19th and early 20th centuries.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Beall–Dawson House was built circa 1815 for Upton Beall and his wife and daughters. Beall, from a prominent Georgetown family, was Clerk of the Court for the county, and he wanted a home that would reflect his wealth and status. In 1815 Rockville was a small rural community, despite being the county seat and an important cross-roads town. Beall’s large brick Federal-style home, built overlooking Commerce Lane (now West Montgomery Avenue), was designed to impress both inside and out.</p><br>
<p>After Beall death in 1827, ownership of the house moved to his wife, Jane, and three surviving daughters, Mathilda, Jane Elizabeth, and Margaret. Jane Beall never remarried, and her three daughters never married. The daughters lived in the house their entire lives. After Mathilda and Jane Elizabeth died, Margaret Beall invited a cousin, Amelia Somervell, to live in the house with her. Somervell married John L. Dawson, a local farmer and landowner, and lived at the house with her husband and nine children (eight of whom survived to adulthood). When the last of Bealls daughters died in the late 1800s, she left the house to three of Somervell-Dawsons daughters, continuing the tradition of three sisters being owners of the house.</p><br>
<p>As money grew tight, the Dawsons turned to the house to provide an income, starting a restaurant that ran out of the front yard, teaching dancing lessons to neighborhood children, and taking on boarders. Despite the Dawsons&#39; best efforts, however, the house began to suffer from neglect.</p><br>
<p>After the last of the Dawson sisters died, the house was sold to the Davis family in 1946. The Davises, who had been looking to take on a fixer-upper, set to restoring the house to its former grandeur. The family returned much of the house to how it would have looked while under the Bealls family care along with adding an addition to the side of what used to be the servants/slave quarters that housed a modern kitchen and dressing the original kitchen as the familys dining room.</p><br>
<p>After Edwin Daviss death, Mrs. Daviss passion for their project waned and she sold the house to the City of Rockville, and it became the Montgomery County Historical Society’s headquarters.</p><br>
<p>The Bethesda Meeting House  is a historic Presbyterian church complex located at Bethesda, Montgomery County, Maryland, USA. Its name became the namesake of the entire surrounding community in the 1870s. It is situated on Maryland Route 355  just inside the Capital Beltway.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The BMH property includes the 1850 meeting house itself, the mid-late 19th century parsonage to the south, and the associated cemetery. The church is a large, wood-frame structure built in the Greek Revival "temple" form, although it features Gothic-style windows throughout. To the south of the church is a two-story frame Victorian parsonage built on a cruciform plan, with some Queen Anne-style embellishments.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The church was constructed on the foundation of an 1820 Presbyterian church which burned down in 1849. It served as the Bethesda Presbyterian Church from 1850 until 1925 when the congregation decided to erect a new church on Wilson Lane, farther south in Bethesda. When the church moved to its new location in 1925, the trustees sold the building and 7 acre of land to Mrs. May Fitch Kelley. The Presbyterian congregation, however, retained ownership of the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Mrs. Kelly lived in the church building for many years. In 1945, the property was sold to a Catholic missionary group known as the "White Fathers of Africa". In the 1950s, the property was transferred again, this time to the trustees of the Temple Hill Baptist Church.</p><br>
<h2>Legacy</h2><br>
<p>The community of Bethesda was named in 1871 by the postmaster, Robert Franck, after the BMH. After nearly 10 years of lobbying efforts, Rev. Edward Henry Cumpston (pastor of BMH) convinced Mr. Franck to change the name of the post office from "Darcy&#39;s Store" to "Bethesda" in 1871.</p><br>
<p>The BMH was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<p>The Bethesda Theatre, constructed in 1938, is a historic Streamline Moderne movie theater located at 7719 Wisconsin Avenue , Bethesda, Maryland, United States. It is a multi-level building composed of rectangular blocks: an auditorium block and a lower street-front lobby and entrance block, including shops. The theatre retains its original configuration of lobby, foyer, lounges, and auditorium. Many original interior finishes, including painted murals, remain intact, with the exception of the original seating. It was designed by the firm of the world-renowned "Dean of American Theatre Architects," John Eberson.</p><br>
<p>In 1983 it re-opened as the "Bethesda Cinema and Drafthouse" showing movies on a single screen and serving food and beer. In 1990 it changed its name to the "Bethesda Theatre Cafe". In 2007 it underwent a major renovation and became a venue for theatrical productions. Currently it is owned by the Bethesda Cultural Alliance but is set to be auctioned off on June 29, 2010.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>The East Portland Branch, Public Library of Multnomah County housed part of the library system of Multnomah County, Oregon, from 1911 to 1967. Designed by architect A. E. Doyle, the structure was completed in 1911 in Portland at 1110 Southeast Alder Street in the city&#39;s central eastside. Funded in part by the Carnegie Foundation, the original building consisted of one floor and a daylight basement and included reading rooms for children and adults. The building had a red brick exterior, terra-cotta trim, and a roof of green Spanish tiles. Remodeled in 1956 and remodeled again prior to its sale in 1967, the one-story building, which had rooms 18 ft high, became a two-story office building.</p><br>
<p>From 1864 until 1902, Portland had subscription libraries that were open to the public, but it had no tax-supported public library. Within months of the change from subscription library to free public library, the number of users grew from 1,000 members to 8,000 registered borrowers.</p><br>
<p>The subscription libraries had reading rooms only in downtown Portland. To accommodate the growing number of users, the new library established reading rooms in other parts of the city. By 1907, it had neighborhood branches in Sellwood, Albina and the central eastside neighborhood. Doyle designed a small temporary building for the eastside branch before money became available for the permanent structure.</p><br>
<p>The Kumusi River  is a river located in the Oro Province of Papua New Guinea. Known for its width and its strength, the Kumusi has had a significant impact on the history of the Oro Province. It was a significant factor in the Kokoda Track Campaign and also a contributing factor to the destruction caused by Cyclone Guba.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>World War II</h3><br>
<p>Due to its relative proximity to the Kokoda Track, the Kumusi River was often a factor in the Kokoda Track Campaign of World War II. The fast flowing and wide river provided natural barrier from enemy, and gave the soldiers a distinct advantage. There were few bridges, the solid ones were often bombed to break a supply line. Soldiers often had to walk, or use rafts through the powerful current in order to get across Many fatalities were recorded as the current overwhelmed the soldiers. Although his horse already had drowned, Horii opted to try and cross on a raft. He soon fell into the water and drowned.</p><br>
<h3>Cyclone Guba</h3><br>
<p>On 14 and 15 November 2007, Cyclone Guba hit the Oro Province. The Cyclone brought five days of solid rain, causing widespread flooding; the Kumusi swelled to ten times its original width.</p><br>
<p>The flooding destroyed homes, gardens and in some cases, entire villages were washed away. The flooding completely destroyed the provinces vital infrastructure, over twenty-two bridges were washed away, cutting the link to Popondetta. Of the twenty-two, the Kumusi Bridge, a large steel structure was destroyed, with estimated rebuilding costs at K70 million.</p><br>
<p>Aldomirovtsi marsh  is a karstic marsh in western Bulgaria near the town of Slivnitsa. In 1989 the marsh was designated a protected area in order to preserve the natural habitat of rare species of waterfowl and 40 species of higher plants.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The marsh is situated in the westernmost reaches of the Sofia Valley, 5 km north-west of the town of Slivnitsa and 1 km north of the village of Aldomirovtsi near European route E80. It is located not far from the Serbian border (28 km), and 30 km from capital city Sofia. Aldomirovtsi marsh covers an area of 129.4 ha.</p><br>
<p>Near the marsh are the localities Meka Crev and Tri Ushi&ndash;- a scene of the bloody battle of Slivnitsa in November 1885 during the Serbo-Bulgarian War when the Bulgarians decisively defeated a Serbian invasion.</p><br>
<p>The marsh used to be a popular destination for anglers due to the large specimen of northern pike, common carp and the introduced grass carp. The record for a grass carp fished by angle was set there in 1982 &ndash;- 22.7 kg.</p><br>
<p>Aldomirovtsi marsh is home to many nesting and wintering bird species, including ruff, great crested grebe, little grebe, black-necked grebe, white stork, water rail, little gull, common redshank, little egret, little bittern, short-toed snake eagle, etc.</p><br>
<h2>Drying problems and recovery</h2><br>
<p>The marsh has a variable water regime and irregular shape. Its area increases in spring and almost dries in summer and autumn. The marsh had dried completely twice, in 1991 and 2012. In May 2012, immediately after the 2012 Pernik earthquake, the marsh began to rapidly dry up until it disappeared completely in July 2013. The cause was a shift of the earth layers of the local karst rocks in the aftermath of the earthquake.</p><br>
<p>In 2014 experts from Slivnitsa municipality and environmentalists discovered that the water of the marsh was draining in a ponor. The ponor was sealed with clay and concrete and since the autumn of 2014 the Aldomirovtsi marsh has recovered.</p><br>
<p>The Chautauqua Tower is located at Glen Echo Park in Montgomery County, Maryland, USA. It is a Richardsonian Romanesque circular structure of irregularly shaped, rough-faced stone, dominating the central entrance to the park. Construction of the tower was started in either 1890 or 1891, it was completed in 1892, and is approximately 34 feet in diameter and three stories high, capped by an 11-sided roof of steep pitch with a flagpole rising from its peak. It is the sole intact physical remnant of the late-19th century Chautauqua movement at Glen Echo, Maryland, and as a local specimen of late-Victorian rustic architecture.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The tower was originally part of a large complex of buildings at the entrance of the Glen Echo Chautauqua. The National Register of Historic Places nomination form correctly identifies the architect, Victor Mindeleff, but misspells his name. Mindeleff is best known for his work with the Bureau of American Ethnology.</p><br>
<p>Currently, the Tower is the studio of Artist in Residence J. Jordan Bruns. The first floor is also used as studio space by artists on a monthly basis.</p><br>
<p>Darnall Place is a historic farm complex located at Poolesville, Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. The farm complex consists of four small 18th-century stone buildings, a 19th-century frame wagon shed/corn crib, a 20th-century concrete block barn, and three late-19th- or early-20th-century frame sheds. The stone buildings are all constructed of red-brown Seneca sandstone. The one-story dwelling has a large external stone chimney on the east end. The farmstead is reminiscent of those in Europe or the British Isles.</p><br>
<p>Darnall Place was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>Darnall Place HABS MD1.jpgIn 1936</p><br>
<p>Darnall Place, Poolesville, Montgomery County, MD.jpg</p><br>
<p>DARNALL PLACE, POOLESVILLE MONTGOMERY CTY, MD.jpgCourtyard with modern house in center</p><br>
<p>Davis-Warner House is a historic home located at 8114 Carroll Avenue, Takoma Park, Montgomery County, Maryland. It is a large, three story frame Stick Style residence constructed about 1875. It is one of the oldest residences in Takoma Park, and one of the only surviving Eastlake Stick Style examples left in the Washington D.C., area. It was built by John B. and Vorlinda Davis, who also operated a small store on nearby University Boulevard (then called "Old Bladensburg Road."</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>In the early 20th century it was used as a gambling hall and speakeasy, then from 1940 until 1987, it housed the private "Cynthia Warner School," serving the educational needs of thousands of children of Takoma Park families from elementary through the high school level. In 1987 the property was purchased by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The Church began demolition of the building, but in 1991, Mark and Kira Davis purchased a half-acre section of the plot from the Church, and moved the house 150 meters to a new foundation, out of the way of the Church&#39;s construction plans, to preserve it from demolition.</p><br>
<p>The Davis family restored the building as a residence. Kira Davis operated her business "PaperFaces" from the location (an art studio and customized paper doll business), and Mark Davis operated an international trade law firm Davis & Leiman PC from the premises as well. In 1997 the Davises sold the property to Douglas A. Harbit and Robert F. Patenaude, who operated a bed and breakfast called The Davis-Warner Inn. They also qualified the property for registry with the National Register of Historic Places, and ceded development rights to the property in perpetuity to Historic Takoma, a local historic preservation society. Harbit and Patenaude coined the name "Davis-Warner House" to honor the Davis family that originally built the house, the Davis family that moved and restored the house, and Cynthia Warner, who operated the private school for much of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>The Davis-Warner Inn closed in 2006, and in 2010 the building was purchased out of foreclosure by the Catholic Missionaries of Charity, who repainted it Marian blue and operated it as a convent.</p><br>
<p>In 2015, the Davis-Warner Inn was purchased by local architect, Eric Saul, and his wife, Diana Simpson, for use as their primary residence.</p><br>
<p>Friends Advice is a historic home and national historic district located at Boyds, Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. It is an estate dominated by a main house of local sandstone in the impressive overall image of a Georgian plantation house. The earliest portion, the ca. 1806 Federal style block, sits on a stone foundation with a gable roof and gabled dormers. Later additions include a Colonial Revival-style block constructed in 1939-40; a Federal style block of the first quarter of the 19th century; and a frame block constructed in 1882 on the foundation of an 18th-century log structure. General Albert C. Wedemeyer  and his wife, whose family owned this property since the 18th century, used this estate as their permanent home throughout his military career and after his retirement in 1951, until his death in 1989.</p><br>
<p>Friends Advice was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>Narta Lagoon  is a lagoon north of Vlorë, Albania, located in the direct proximity of the Adriatic Sea. The lagoon is situated within the boundaries of the Vjosa-Narta Protected Landscape and has been recognised as an important Bird and Plant Area of international importance. It has a surface area of 41.8 km&sup2; with a maximal depth of 1.5 m.</p><br>
<p>Narta extend in the north of Bay of Vlorë on the eastern shore of the Strait of Otranto and is separated from the Adriatic Sea by a narrow littoral strip, consisting of an alluvial dune of about 8 km wide and a width of 100 m to 1,400 m. It is formed by the constant accumulation of solid flow of the Vjosa River, which originates within the Pindus Mountains close to the border between Albania and Greece.</p><br>
<p>The lagoon is named after the village of Nartë, which is found on the lagoon&#39;s southern shores. Within the lagoon, there are two islands located,</p><br>
<p>with Zvërnec Island being the largest. A wooden footbridge connects mainland to the island, where a 13th-century monastery is located. At least 34,800 wintering birds can be count on the lagoon.</p><br>
<p>Mayhurst is an 1859 Italianate mansion in Orange, Virginia. It was built by the Willis family relatives of President James Madison as the plantation house for an estate comprising 2,500 acre of fields, pastures and forest. It was a scene of action in the Civil War. It is currently operated as an Inn.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Mayhurst was completed in 1860 by Colonel John Willis, a great-nephew of President James Madison. Colonel Willis acquired Mayhurst, then and during his lifetime known as Howard Place, from the estate of Charles P. Howard in 1856.</p><br>
<p>During the winter of 1863-64 when the Army of Northern Virginia was camped in Orange County, Lieutenant General A. P. Hill had his headquarters in the yard at Mayhurst. The Mort Künstler painting "Tender is the Heart" is set at Mayhurst.</p><br>
<p>During Reconstruction from 1866 until 1872 the house was occupied by the family of Federal Judge Hiram Bond and his son Marshall Latham Bond was born there.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Mayhurst is a frame two-story structure set on an exposed brick basement with an attic level lighted by small windows in the eaves and circular windows placed in each of the four cross-gables of the hipped roof. The roof is surmounted by two large chimneys and a central belvedere. This belvedere reflects the roof shape which surrounds it and completes the total pyramidal massing with an elaborate finial. The entire exterior wall surface above the brick basement is covered by wooden drop siding cut to resemble ashlar stonework. The deep, overhanging eaves are emphasized by the placing of oversized paired brackets, with their undulating curves and pendants, around the entire roofline.</p><br>
<p>The three-bay main facade (north) features a central entrance porch with an elliptical-arched fanlight and sidelights framing the double doors. On the second level, twin-arched windows which open to the balustraded porch roof visually support the circular window above, set in the cross-gable. At either side of the central porch and window bay on the first level are also twin-arched windows with hood molds and shallow balconies. On the second level of the two end bays are three-sectioned windows in the Palladian motif. The east and west facades are similar, both being four bays wide and having arched windows. On the east front, however, a five-sectioned oriel bay was placed on the first story which is partially blocked by a frame wing added circa 1912. The rear (south) facade has been partially obscured by shallow wings and a sleeping porch.</p><br>
<p>On the interior, the broad central hall is divided at midpoint by a graceful elliptical arch which rests at either side on piers alluding to the Doric order in detail. The stair which ascends along the east wall of the hall and curves at the beginning and end of each flight, develops exceptional rhythm of design due to the repetition of the octagonal-shaped and turned balusters, two to a tread. In addition, the scrolled, uncarved brackets on the step ends and the fascia board on the landings increase the activity of the design, making the stairway the finest single piece of woodwork in the house.</p><br>
<p>Two rooms flank the hall on both sides and offer a calm contrast to the stair by featuring broad, flat window and door framings as well as black marble mantels with arched openings and subtle curving lines in the shelf. The southeast room has been partitioned into several smaller rooms, including a kitchen. Although most doors have a pair of small rectangular panels below the lock rail with two tall ones above, variations occur with the lower panels being octagonal while the upper panels have arched tops.</p><br>
<p>An old structure to the rear appears to date from the first quarter of the nineteenth century due to some remaining architrave door framings and doors, the brick noggin walls, and the 6&#39;-10" wide fireplaces on both ends of the two-story, hipped roof building. This house is believed to be the original Howard dwelling.</p><br>
<p>The Durrës Amphitheatre  is a large Roman amphitheatre in the city of Durrës, Albania. Built in the 2nd century AD during Roman Emperor Trajan&#39;s rule, it is located in the centre of the city and is only half unearthed. The Durrës Amphitheatre is one of the largest amphitheatres in the Balkan peninsula, once having a capacity of 20,000 people, and has no analogs in Albania. It was discovered in the late 1900s and today has become a popular tourist attraction. Durrës Amphitheatre is a World Heritage candidate.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The amphitheatre was built in the beginning of the 2nd century AD.</p><br>
<p>The amphitheatre was used for performances until the 4th century AD. The earthquake of 345/346 likely damaged the monument and closed the ludii gladiatorii.</p><br>
<p>An early Christian chapel was constructed on the amphitheatre in the second half of the 4th century. The chapel was initially decorated with frescoes; in the 6th century, mosaics were added. A medieval chapel was built in the 13th century, also decorated with frescoes.</p><br>
<p>The amphitheatre was covered over in the 16th century, after the Ottoman occupation, when the wall was built nearby. Marin Barleti described the monument as well constructed.</p><br>
<p>About one third of the site was discovered and excavated in the 1960s by Vangjel Toci; the rest was excavated in the 1980s by Lida Miraj. After excavation the amphitheater slowly deteriorated, as no conservation efforts were undertaken prior to the 2000s, and construction continued to take place around the site. In the 2004 the University of Parma started restoration work to save the monument.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>The amphitheatre has an elliptical shape with axes of 132.4 m and 113.2 m. The arena is 61.4 m by 42.2 m and is 20 m high. It is built on a slope of the hill, and inside the amphitheatre there are staircases and galleries at different levels. The chapel with mosaics is preserved.</p><br>
<p>The site currently functions as a museum.</p><br>
<h2>Dangers</h2><br>
<p>The amphitheatre is surrounded on all sides by the city of Durrës, and a section of the arena itself has been built upon with modern housing. Thus, development pressures threaten the long-term preservation of the site. The municipality of Durrës is now planning to remove the houses.</p><br>
<p>The amphitheatre has serious structural deficiencies, and its mosaics and paintings are slowly decaying.</p><br>
<p>In 2013, the amphitheatre was shortlisted along with thirteen other sites by Europa Nostra as one of the most endangered cultural heritage sites in Europe.</p><br>
<p>East Oaks is a historic home and farm complex and national historic district located at Poolesville, Montgomery County, Maryland. It is a 156 acre farm complex consisting of a -story, c. 1829 Federal-period brick residence situated on a knoll surrounded by agricultural buildings and dependencies whose construction dates span more than a century. The complex of domestic and agricultural outbuildings includes a brick smokehouse, sandstone slave quarter, stone bank barn, stone dairy, and log and frame tenant house which are contemporaneous with the construction of the main dwelling. Other agricultural buildings include a small frame barn and machinery shed/corn crib from the end of the 19th century, and a block dairy barn from the mid 20th century.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>Nainital Lake, a natural freshwater body, situated amidst the township of Nainital in Uttarakhand State of India, tectonic in origin, is kidney shaped or crescent shaped and has an outfall at the southeastern end.</p><br>
<p>Nainital is most popular hill station of Kumaon district. It is famous for its Naini Lake located at the centre of the town and several other lakes of nearby areas.</p><br>
<p>Nainital Lake, in the Nainital district called the Lake District of India, is one of the four Lakes of Kumaon hills; the other three lakes are the Sattal Lake, the Bhimtal Lake and the Naukuchiyatal Lake.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Historical records confirm that in 1839, Mr. P. Barron, who is supposed to be the first one who visited Nainital, from Rosa, an English business man in sugar trade, on a hunting expedition accidentally coming across the lake at Nainital was so captivated that he decided to build a European Colony on shores of the lake. The news magazine, the Englishman Calcutta, reported in 1841 discovery of this lake near Almora.</p><br>
<p>It is believed that two Indian sages visited there, wandering, it is a belief of people that they blessed the lake with divine power, one can acquire divinement by taking bathe in it, and the same as in the Mansarovar lake.</p><br>
<h2>Topography and Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>The lake is bounded by the high and steep Naina peak on the North West side, by the Tiffin Top to the south west side and snow view peaks on the north. Coniferous forest trees cover these hill ranges. The annual rainfall in the basin area of the lake is reported to be 1294.5 mm (43.15 inches). Tropical monsoon climate with maximum temperature 24.6 °C and minimum of 0.5 °C are recorded. The water is reported to be alkaline in nature (ph value of 8.4–9.3).</p><br>
<p>The lake receives flows from the surrounding catchment basin which comprises the hill slopes and springs. The hydrologic studies related to water balance and sedimentation was done using radioisotopes for estimating/measuring the various components of the inflow and outflow into the lake. Studies indicated that the subsurface inflow and outflow were significant – ranging from 43 to 63% and 41 to 54%, respectively, of the total inflow and outflow, except in years of exceptionally heavy rainfall. The components of outflows were the surface outflow, the subsurface outflow through the springs on the downstream side and draft through wells for meeting the water supply of Nainital town and evaporation loss from the lake surface. The mean water retention time for the lake was computed as 1.16 years for the mean annual rainfall.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Krol group of rocks, comprising slates, marls, sandstones, limestones and dolomites with a few small dykes intrusives, is the dominant geological formation of the lake’s surroundings. The lake is deduced to have been formed tectonically. Balia Nala, which is the main stream feeding the lake is along a fault line and the subsequent streams align parallel to major joints and faults. 26 major drains feed the lake including the 3 perennial drains. The lake catchment has highly folded and faulted rocks due to poly phase deformation. Landslides are a frequent occurrence in the hill slopes surrounding the lake, which are steep. The slopes are highly vulnerable to landslides and mass movement due to various geological and human factors. Several landslides have occurred in the past (pictured) around the lake. Many settlements around the lake are located in landslide areas.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>While the Nainital district where the lake is situated (in the middle Himalayan ranges up to 2,000 m, a temperate zone), is rich in flora (typical temperate climate plants) and fauna, the details of the flora and fauna specific to the lake and its surroundings recorded are the following.</p><br>
<h3>Vegetation</h3><br>
<p>The trees and bushes grown in the region (lake’s basin) with their botanical and common Indian names (in parenthesis) are reported to be: a) Quercus incana Oak (Banj); b) Aesculus indica (Pangar or Horse chestnuts); c) Juglans regia (Akhrot or walnut), d) Populus ciliata (Hill Pipal, a sacred tree); e) Fraxinus micrantha (Ash tree or Angu); f) Platanus orientalis (Chinar); g) Rubus lasiocarpus (Hisalu); h) Rosa moschata (Kunj or Musk rose); i) Berberis asiatica (Kilmora);j) Cupressus torulosa (Surai or Himalayan cypress); k) Rhododendron arboreum (Buruns); Cedrus deodara (Deodar); l) Salix acmophylla (Weeping Willow); and m) Pinus (Pine).</p><br>
<p>The Aquatic Macrophytic vegetation recorded are the a) Potamogeton pectinatus, 2) Potamogeton crispus, 3) Polygonum glabrum, 4) Polygonum amphibium and  (Water pepper).</p><br>
<p>Several species of medicinal flora and horticulture plants have also been reported.</p><br>
<h3>Aqua fauna</h3><br>
<p>The fishes found in the lake are generally carps Mahseer, (the Hindi name of mahāsir, mahāser, or mahāsaulā used for a number of fishes of the group), also hill trout and the mirror carp which breed several times during one spawning season during May to September. Two species of Mahaseer fish viz., Tor tor: The red finned mahseer and the Tor putitora: The yellow finned mahseer, a food fish which grows to varying sizes from 20 to 60 cm (7.87 to 23.62 inches) are reported. The three species of Hill Trout found in the lake are the Schizothorax sinuatus, Schizothorax richardsoni and Schizothorax plagiostornus. The imported fish bred in the lake is Mirror carp or Cyprinus carpio. Gambusia affinis also called Mosquitofish has been introduced in the lake as a biocontrol measure to control Mosquito larvae.</p><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<p>Nine species of birds and nine species of animals have been recorded in the Nainital district.</p><br>
<h2>Water quality</h2><br>
<p>A scientific study indicates that the open drains feeding the lake introduce toxic substances from the catchment of the lake, particularly heavy metals which get adsorbed onto the suspended sediments, which in turn settle down in the bottom of the lake. A study of the risk assessment code has revealed that 4–13% of manganese, 4–8% of copper, 17–24% of nickel, 3–5% of chromium, 13–26% of lead, 14–23% of cadmium and 2–3% of zinc exist in exchangeable fraction which puts the lake under the low to medium risk category and infers that it could enter into food chain and also cause deleterious effects to aquatic life. This study provides the basic database to formulate guidelines for the dredging operations and/or restoration programmes in the lake.</p><br>
<p>The water quality studies carried out by the National Institute of Hydrology during 1999–2001 on physico-chemical parameters (pH, temperature profile, Secchi’s transparency, dissolved oxygen, BOD, COD and nutrients), biological profile (density of population, biomass and species diversity of phyto, zooplankton and macrobenthos) and bacteriological characteristics have led to the conclusion that long-term limnological changes have occurred in the lake. Excess of nutrients inflow have contributed to the eutrophic conditions and the internal recycling of nutrients from sediments during water circulation has resulted in luxurious growth of phytoplankton. The lake is thus anoxic and has reduced hypolimnion, winter circulation, large phytoplankton and relatively lower animal population.</p><br>
<h2>Threats to the lake</h2><br>
<p>The problems facing the lake which were also listed in the plea in a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) before the Supreme Court of India in 1995 seeking court directive for redress measures could be summarised as below:</p><br>
<p>The lake is eutrophic to high nutrient accumulation and growth of phytoplankton. Algal blooms had caused loss of transparency. In spite of installing sewer lines to prevent sewage entering the lake still some effluents from drains, leakage and open defecation add to the eutrophication.</p><br>
<p>High Siltation resulting in reduction of lake depth (the depth of lake is reported to have reduced from its original depth of 27.97 m to only 19.6m.),</p><br>
<p>Clogging of water channels (drains) in the surrounding hills because of encroachment, leading to poor drainage.</p><br>
<p>Landslides from the unstable hill slopes draining into the lake</p><br>
<p>Inadequate sanitation facilities for the poor section of society, commuters and tourists.</p><br>
<h2>Lake restoration</h2><br>
<p>The National Institute of Hydrology (NIH) of Roorkee who prepared a plan for the restoration of the lake, at an estimated cost of Rs 50 crore (about US $10 million), sponsored by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, are also now guiding the restoration measures. The Conservation and Management Plan evolved by NIH is not only lake centric but also proposes to tackle the immediate periphery of the lake which contributes an adverse impact on the lake. The "Nainital Jheel Parikshetra Vishesh Kshetra Vikas Pradhikaran", the Lake Development Authority notified under U.P. Special Area Development Act 1986 is a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) set up for implementing the restoration works. The restoration works that have been implemented or are in different stages of implementation are the following:</p><br>
<p>Limnological measures such as bottom aeration, siphoning of hypolimnetic water, biomanipulation and limited sediment removal from the deltas of drains which lead to the lake.</p><br>
<p>Soil Conservation & Slope Stabilization measures in the form of soil conservation and watershed management activities in the catchment area of the lake, slope stabilization, Drainage line treatment, landslide scars to be treated with Coir geotextiles with gabion cross-barriers and proper maintenance and cleaning of drainage system</p><br>
<p>Provide 100% coverage of the town surrounding the lake with sewers and Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs)</p><br>
<p>Improved sanitation around the lake and in the catchment with new community toilets to cover all sections of the society, improved design of household toilets</p><br>
<p>Better solid waste management by disposing of the solid waste through a chute to the downhill outside the catchment, developing landfill sites is developed and in isolated habitations in the upper reaches of hills, introduce composting measures with support from NGOs.</p><br>
<p>Limited dredging of the lake, particularly near the deltas of drains that bring sediments</p><br>
<p>Fish Gambusia affinis introduced a few years ago to control mosquito larvae, the fish have started feeding on the larger zooplankton resulting due to scanty larvae population resulting in adverse impact on the lake water quality. This needs to be controlled by putting minnow traps in the lake and introducing some other fish species</p><br>
<p>The outflow from the lake is into the Balia Nala drain controlled by a set of sluices located at the lake bridge. The sluices which are old need renovation and replacement. The Balia Nala also needs slope stabilization measures to check landslides</p><br>
<p>Shoreline Development and improvement of facilities at all important monuments and temples located in the periphery of the lake and providing avenue paths and roads</p><br>
<p>Improved Public Awareness and Public Participation programmes</p><br>
<p>The "Nainital Jheel Parikshetra Vishesh Kshetra Vikas Pradhikaran" could function better in a limited role as a promoter and a facilitator for developmental and commercial activities with jurisdiction extended to cover all four lakes in the district, as at present a plethora of organizations are functioning in the notified area such as Nainital Nagar Palika Parishad, Jal Nigam, Irrigation Department, Power Corporation, Forest Department and Fisheries Department who are directly involved with the lake.</p><br>
<p>The Honourable Supreme Court of India in its judgment of 1995, in response to the Public Interest Litigation, gave the following recommendations which have also been addressed in the restoration measures mentioned above.</p><br>
<p>(i)Sewage water has to be prevented at any cost from entering the lake; (ii) So far as the drains which ultimately fall in the lake are concerned, it has to be seen that building materials are not allowed to be heaped on the drains to prevent siltation of the lake;(iii) Care has been taken to see that horse dung does not reach the lake. If for this purpose the horse stand has to be shifted somewhere, the same would be done. The authorities would examine whether trotting of horses around the lake is also required to be prevented;(iv) Multi-storeyed group housing and commercial complexes have to be banned in the town area of Naini Tal. Building of small residential houses on flat areas could, however, be permitted;(v) The offence of illegal felling of trees is required to be made cognizable.(vi) Vehicular traffic on the Mall has to be reduced. Heavy vehicles may not be permitted to ply on Mall;(vii) The fragile nature of Ballia Ravine has to be taken care of. The cracks in the revetment of Ballia Nullah have to be repaired urgently.</p><br>
<p>In the "India Today" magazine, Prasanta Rajan, a journalist, in a preamble to the particular interest shown by the Lady District Magistrate of Nainital in restoration works of the lake has very vividly described the lake in these words:</p><br>
<p>Look for the lake through the colonial windows of Pant House, a vintage English bungalow on the hilltop, now submerged in wintry night, solitary with a kind of Wuthering Heights mystery. Down below, the lake is a laminated stillness, protected by seven never-sleeping hills. In the dead darkness of Kumaon, this magnificence is a distant, partially lit vision, less than real, as the hills of frozen memories make the lake a footnote in water.</p><br>
<h2>Other attractions</h2><br>
<p>There is the Nainital Boat Club that offers yachting facilities at the lake. The Annual Kingfisher Yachting Competition (Regatta) is held here in the third week of June. The Kumaon festival which brings out the local cultures and traditions is organized every year during the winter months of October and November, by the Tourism Department.</p><br>
<p>Naini Lake (After).jpgPicturesque view of the lake from the top of a hill</p><br>
<p>Boats on the Lake.jpgBoats warm the shores of the lake with all their colours</p><br>
<p>Mosquitofish.jpgMosquitofish introduced as a biocontrol measure to Control Mosquito Larvae in lake</p><br>
<p>Polygonum hydropiper (1832).jpgWater pepper or Polygonum hydropiper</p><br>
<p>Cedrus-deodare-habit.JPGDeodar tree</p><br>
<p>Rhododendron arboreum.jpgRhododendron</p><br>
<p>BerberisAculeata.jpgBerberis aristata, Uttarakhand</p><br>
<p>Yair, also known as, is an estate in the Scottish Borders. It stands by the River Tweed in the former county of Selkirkshire, 2.5 mi north-west of Selkirk, and 28 mi south of Edinburgh. The name comes from the old Scots word for a fish trap. The estate is centred on Yair House, which is protected as a category A listed building. The nearby Yair Bridge is also category A listed.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1156 King Malcolm allowed the monks of Kelso to build a dam on the River Tweed, creating a pool for fishing.</p><br>
<p>Yair House was built by Alexander Pringle of Whytbank (1747–1827) in 1788. It is a Georgian house of three storeys, with a large bay to the front. The designer of the new house was William Elliot, a Kelso-based architect who designed The Haining in Selkirk, for another Pringle, in 1794.</p><br>
<p>Yair Bridge lies 600 m downstream from the house. It was constructed around 1764, and designed by the Edinburgh architect William Mylne (1734–1790). The three-arch stone bridge now carries the A707 across the Tweed.</p><br>
<h2>Outdoor access</h2><br>
<p>Yair Hill Forest is one of many forests in the Borders managed by Forestry Commission Scotland (FCS). It is located to the south and west of the house on Craig Hill (382m) and on Three Brethren (484m). Three Brethren is named after three stone mounds built in the 16th century by the lairds of Yair, Philiphaugh and Selkirk, to mark the boundaries of their lands. Access to the forest is at Lindinney car park on the A707, close to Yair Bridge. The Yair Grazings car park, at the north-west edge of the forest, allows access to Yair Wood, and nearby Glenkinnon car park is the access point for a biodiversity trail. Part of the forest is Lindinny Community Woodland, which is being restored from coniferous to native woodland by FCS and the Borders Forest Trust.</p><br>
<p>The Southern Upland Way passes through the estate, descending from Three Brethren and crossing Yair Bridge. The Sir Walter Scott Way follows the same route. Below Yair is the Fairnilee slalom site on the River Tweed, used for canoe slalom. The Yair and the River Tweed generally remain popular salmon fishing sites. Yair House is not open to the public, though the gardens are occasionally opened for charity as part of Scotland&#39;s Gardens Scheme.</p><br>
<p>The Milwaukee Depot in Missoula, Montana, was built by the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad  in 1910 as part of the railroad&#39;s transcontinental "Pacific Extension".</p><br>
<p>The depot complex consists of two buildings, both made of brick. The depot itself is a two-story rectangular building that had passenger waiting rooms and the station agent&#39;s office. The second floor contained railroad offices. The depot has two towers that rise above it. There is a Mission influence in the tile roofs and decoration. The second building was the baggage room.</p><br>
<p>When the railroad went bankrupt in the mid-1980s, the buildings were sold and turned into a restaurant and bar. A new addition was built that connected the depot with the baggage room. In the late 1980s, the restaurant went out of business and the building sat vacant.</p><br>
<p>In the mid-1990s, the building was bought by the Boone and Crockett Club who moved their national headquarters there from Washington, DC. The club leased the second floor to the University of Montana for use as offices.</p><br>
<p>The depot was placed on the National Register of Historic Places due to its architecture and also due to its association with the commercial development of Missoula.</p><br>
<p>Mucking is an archaeological site near the village of Mucking in southern Essex. The site contains remains dating from the Neolithic to the Middle Ages—a period of some 3,000 years—and the Bronze Age and Anglo-Saxon features are particularly notable.</p><br>
<p>Major excavations took place at the site between 1965 and 1978, directed by Margaret Ursula Jones. Covering an area of 18 hectares (44 acres), at the time it was the largest archaeological excavation in Europe, and is the largest excavation ever undertaken in the British Isles. Excavation continued year-round to stay ahead of gravel extraction that was rapidly destroying the site, accumulating an "astonishing" volume of material. Only a fraction of this was analysed or published in Jones&#39; lifetime, and ultimately the bulk of the post-excavation work was left to others. The first volume of a "full publication" was not published until 2015, by which point the post-excavation phase had cost significantly more than the initial excavation. This led some to criticise Mucking as an irresponsible, "excavation without publication".</p><br>
<h2>Location and discovery</h2><br>
<p>The site was on the 100 ft gravel terrace, close to the north bank of the Thames, and was owned by Surridge Disposals Ltd. However, these were not readily available to archaeologists. The importance of the site was recognised following photographs taken by Dr JK St. Joseph of Cambridge University on 16 June 1959, although these photos were not published until 1964. The tenant farmer (T Lindsey) remarked that crop marks for archaeologists were his best crop. Following publication of the crop mark photos, DG Macleod of Prittlewell Museum and DA Whickham, Chief Librarian for Thurrock realized the site was threatened by gravel extraction and instigated the scheduling of the site under the Ancient Monuments Act.</p><br>
<p>An earlier small-scale investigation had been carried out by members of the Thurrock Local History Society, under Ken Barton, on the western side of Buckingham Hill Road, as a result of field walking finds rather than aerial photographs. In late 1965, Margaret Jones was asked to carry out a brief exploratory excavation at a site, then known as Linford, which was slowly being destroyed as a result of gravel digging by Hoveringham Gravels Ltd.</p><br>
<h2>Jones' excavations (1965–1978)</h2><br>
<p>As a result of this exploratory dig, and of the earlier investigations, Jones&#39; contract was extended and she was appointed director of the full scale excavations. She was joined by her husband Tom and in 1965 (after the crops had been harvested) they began the mammoth task that was to last for the next 14 years on the Mucking hill top. The excavation was unusual in that it continued through the winter, unlike most excavations which only took place in the summer. The need to stay ahead of the gravel extraction sometimes meant softening the frozen ground with a blow torch to enable a find to be lifted in time.</p><br>
<p>The Joneses were assisted by many younger archaeologists and volunteers from Britain and abroad including more than 3,000 students from many countries. The volunteers lived mainly in tents during the warmer months, but in the winter, occupied old caravans and sheds. The organisation of the camp, the feeding, the pay and the volunteers welfare involved many individuals guided by terse memos signed by the initials muj&#39;. Jones sometimes commented that it was more like a holiday camp than an archaeological dig. In the final stages of the dig, volunteers were supplemented by local unemployed people, funded by a government job creation scheme. Without this extra assistance, the excavation might not have been completed.</p><br>
<p>Jones died in 2001. The Independent of 31 March 2001 carried an obituary which said for a generation of respectable middle-aged archaeologists... to have dug with Margaret Jones at Mucking remains a badge of honour. In her will, she left money to fund fieldwork or research related to the Mucking excavations or for landscape archaeology covering the same periods as Mucking.</p><br>
<h3>Post-excavation and publication</h3><br>
<p>Initial post-excavation analysis took place at the Thurrock Museum and Library from 1978 to 1985. This phase consumed funding of approximately £250,000, compared with £85,000 for the excavations themselves. Post-excavation analysis was hampered by the scale of the excavation and its finds and by the changing expectation of what constituted an excavation archive. It was no longer appropriate to provide a narrative and conclusions by the excavator. Instead, it was required that an excavation archive should provide the data to enable a future complete reinterpretation of the finds and alternative conclusions.</p><br>
<p>The dig was financed by the Inspectorate of Ancient Monuments in the Department of the Environment (a precursor to English Heritage). The dig was criticised in some quarters as "excavation without publication", but Jones defended the need to excavate everything ahead of the gravel extraction and refused to spend valuable time preparing results for publication.</p><br>
<h2>Results</h2><br>
<p>The excavation found more than 44,000 archaeological features. These included isolated graves and pits from the Neolithic and a hill fort from the Bronze Age. There were also more than 100 Iron Age round houses and a Romano-British cemetery. The excavations revealed substantial indications of a high status Romano-British building (that Jones had "no doubt" was a villa), located either within the excavation or nearby.</p><br>
<h3>The Anglo-Saxon settlement</h3><br>
<p>The site had been abandoned by the Romano-British during the 4th century and there was a gap before the Saxon occupation of the site began in the early 5th century. This was among the earliest Anglo-Saxon settlements in England. The Anglo-Saxon settlement gradually moved north over the course of two hundred years after its establishment. During or after the 8th century, the settlement was either abandoned, or drifted beyond the area that was excavated. The area previously occupied by the Anglo-Saxon settlement became part of a Saxo-Norman field system.</p><br>
<p>More than 200 Anglo-Saxon sunken featured buildings (Grubenhaus) were excavated, together with nearly a dozen large timber buildings. These more substantial halls were up to 50 ft long and 25 ft wide with entrances in the middle of both longer sides. There was some evidence of enclosures that may have been animal pens.</p><br>
<h3>The Anglo-Saxon cemeteries</h3><br>
<p>There were more than 800 burials in the Anglo-Saxon cemeteries ranging in date from the early 5th to the 7th century. Two cemeteries were excavated, although one of them had already been partially destroyed by gravel working. Cemetery II contained cremation and inhumation graves, while cemetery I contained only inhumations. Cemetery II (the undamaged cemetery) contained graves from which 125 brooches were recovered, allowing the reconstruction of Anglo-Saxon dress styles. The cemeteries were not used after the middle 7th century although the settlement continued in to the 8th century. Later burials may have been at a Christian cemetery associated with Cedd&#39;s minster church at Tilbury.</p><br>
<h3>Finds</h3><br>
<p>In addition to the brooches, other finds from the settlement and cemeteries included 5th century domestic Anglo-Saxon pottery and late Roman military belt fittings in the Quoit Brooch Style. More than 5,000 items were donated to the British Museum by the landowners. Some of the original finds from the excavation are displayed in the British Museum, and others are in storage. Some replica finds are in the Thurrock Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>While the finds from other periods are of some interest, it is as an Anglo-Saxon site that Mucking is most significant. Unlike Sutton Hoo or the Royal Saxon tomb in Prittlewell, the dig provided significant information about living and working conditions for people below the status of kings or princes. It was the first time an excavation had covered both a Saxon settlement and its associated cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Results from the Mucking excavation have been extensively used in illustrating and debating archaeological issues. For example, before the dig was completed, hand made pottery was illustrated almost entirely by sherds from Mucking in The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England by David M. Wilson. Many other authors have used the results. Arnold and Wardle used evidence from Mucking to support the idea that there was a major shift in the location of Anglo-Saxon settlements in the 8th century, from lighter to heavier, but more productive soils. However, Rippon argued that the later phases of occupation at Mucking had not been excavated. Similarly, results from Mucking have been used in the debate on the numbers of incoming Anglo-Saxons at the end of the Roman period. For example, Hooke and others have used the quality of soil at Mucking to suggest that incoming Anglo-Saxons were forced by the local inhabitants to settle on the poorest agricultural land. On the other hand, Myres puts forward the view that the site was chosen by the London authorities "to provide early warning of strange vessels sailing up the river with hostile intent". The discovery of a "Roman style" military buckle in an Anglo-Saxon grave at Mucking has been used to argue for continuity between the Roman and Anglo-Saxon settlement.</p><br>
<p>The First National Bank and Trust Building is a historic building on Public Square in downtown Lima, Ohio, United States.</p><br>
<p>This rectangular building, completed in 1926, was designed by Weary and Alford, an architectural firm from Chicago. It was the location of the offices of the First National Bank and Trust Company from 1926 until 1974, when the company became a part of Huntington Bank. The structure&#39;s twelve stories are faced with Indiana Limestone. Each column of windows is topped with an arch window on the highest floor, and the spandrels between the arch windows are connected to each other.</p><br>
<p>Founded as the "Lima Trust Company" in 1903, the First National Bank and Trust used a Masonic building in its earliest years. Starting in 1906, it operated in a smaller building (now destroyed), which served as its offices until it moved into its newly erected structure in 1926. In recognition of its historic significance, the First National Bank and Trust was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. It was one of seventeen Lima buildings that was added to the National Register as part of the "Lima Multiple Resource Area," a Multiple Property Submission that concentrated on architecturally significant buildings in or near downtown Lima.</p><br>
<p>Aside from its importance as a historic site, the First National Bank and Trust Building plays a leading part in local ornithology: the building is a nesting site for peregrine falcons and is part of the Midwest Peregrine Falcon Restoration Project.</p><br>
<p>Barton Knob is a mountain summit located on Cheat Mountain in southeastern Randolph County, West Virginia. Easily accessible during warm-weather months, Bickle Knob is also home to one of the few remaining fire towers in Monongahela National Forest.</p><br>
<h2>Fire Tower</h2><br>
<p>One of the most notable features is its fire tower, which has graced the top of the mountain since at least 1939. While the tower is still, it has been abandoned and is no longer safe to climb. In June 2010, the USA Forest Service planned to remove the tower as part of a project to construct a radio repeater on Barton Knob. The radio repeater was installed by May 2012 adjacent to the tower, which was not removed.</p><br>
<h2>Strip mining</h2><br>
<p>The area surrounding Barton Knob is also notable for having been strip mined prior to its acquisition by Monongahela National Forest as part of the Mower Tract in 1986. Today, MNF&#39;s Strip Mine Trail (Trail #350) traverses much of the area mined on the south side of Barton Knob and a ledge created continuing east along Cheat Mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Rainbow Gathering</h2><br>
<p>In 2005, the Rainbow Gathering considered using (and some may have used) strip-mined land near Barton Knob after being displaced from the original meeting site near Alpena.</p><br>
<h2>Forest restoration</h2><br>
<p>In late 2010, the Forest Service designated a 90 acre section of Barton Knob as the Barton Bench Ecological Restoration Site. After strip mining, the land had been replanted with non-native grasses to protect the soil. This also led to an arresting of ecological development as the grasses kept out any native growths. The Forest Service is conducting experiments on various ways to restart ecological succession on the site with an eye towards eventual reforestation with native red spruce and hardwood trees.</p><br>
<p>The Robert Llewellyn Wright House is a historic home located at 7927 Deepwell Drive in Bethesda, Maryland, USA. It is an 1800-square foot two-story concrete-block structure designed by noted architect Frank Lloyd Wright in 1953, and constructed in 1957 for his sixth child, Robert Llewellyn Wright, who worked at the Justice Department.</p><br>
<p>The Usonian house was designed using intersecting and concentric segments of a circle, or "hemicycles". Initial designs were scrapped after the construction was too costly.</p><br>
<p>The house can be seen from Deepwell Drive on a sloping lot that overlooks a stream. It is also visible from the Cabin John Stream Valley Trail, which follows the Cabin John Creek below it. In 1960, the grounds were landscaped by the son of the architect, Lloyd Wright.</p><br>
<p>As of 2010, the house was inhabited by Tom Wright, grandson of Frank Lloyd and volcano specialist.</p><br>
<p>It is one of only two Wright-designed structures in Maryland; the other is the Joseph Euchtman House in Baltimore County.</p><br>
<p>Glenview Mansion is a historic home and surrounding property located at Rockville, Montgomery County, Maryland. The house is a 1926 Neo-Classical Revival style house on 65 acre of landscaped ground. The five-part mansion incorporates the remnants of the 1838 house called "Glenview." Since 1957, the house and grounds have been owned by the City of Rockville, and are used for various civic, cultural and social events, and is known as Rockville Civic Center Park. The house also includes the Glenview Mansion Art Gallery.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Catherine and Richard Johns Bowie, the original owners of the property, purchased 500 acres of land that the mansion now stands on and cleared its forests to grow corn, wheat, rye, potatoes, and hay as well as raise cattle, horses, sheep, and pigs. In 1838, they built a two-story house on the highest point of their property and named it Glenview.</p><br>
<p>Glenview remained in the Bowie family until 1904, then changed hands several times before 1917, when it was purchased by Irene and William Smith. In 1923 architects Lochie and Porter were hired to transform Glenview from a farm to a fashionable country estate designed for entertaining. The original house the Bowies built still survives in the center of the much larger Neoclassical mansion.</p><br>
<p>After Irene Lyon’s death in 1950, her husband (James Alexander Lyon) began selling off parcels of the estate for housing developments, eventually selling the mansion to the Montgomery County Historical Society in 1954. In 1957, the City of Rockville purchased Glenview and 28 acres for $125,000 to become a civic center.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<p>The Old Headquarters Area at Devils Tower National Monument includes three structures and their surroundings, including the old headquarters building, the custodian&#39;s house, and the fire hose house. The buildings are all designed in the National Park Service Rustic style.</p><br>
<p>Funded as an Emergency Conservation Works project and built by the Civilian Conservation Corps in 1935, the old administration building was used as the monuments headquarters and museum until 1959. At that time, headquarters was relocated while the building continued its function as the parks primary visitor center. Today the main level of the building serves as the visitor center; the basement level has public restrooms, museum storage, interpreter&#39;s office, library, storage for search and rescue and first aid equipment and supplies, and a fuel oil furnace. The upper level, originally designed for use as a bedroom, is now used for storage and houses an evaporative cooler.</p><br>
<p>The custodians residence was designed by the NPS Landscape Division under the direction of Chief Landscape Architect Thomas Chalmers Vint and constructed in 1931 by a private contractor, a Mr. Cummings of Deadwood, South Dakota. The building first served as the residence of the monuments second custodian, George C. Crowe. The original structure had five rooms: living room, bedroom, breakfast nook kitchen, and bathroom.</p><br>
<p>Designed by the Architect Edward A. Nickel, NPS Branch of Plans and Design, and executed by the Civilian Conservation Corps (Camp NM-1, 6th Period), the fire hose house was constructed as ECW Project #17. Work was completed by August 10, 1937, "except for shelves," according to the hand-written note on the architectural plans. The fire hose house was designed and used to house the fire hydrant and to store the monument&#39;s hose and fire fighting equipment. It has been used for that purpose since 1937.</p><br>
<p>The E.S. Hoyt House is a historic house in Red Wing, Minnesota, United States, designed by the firm of Purcell & Elmslie and built in 1913. The house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is also a contributing property to the Red Wing Residential Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The house is one of their more elaborate designs because its owner had a budget that allowed for lavish decoration. The result is comparable to the William Gray Purcell House and the Edward L. Powers House, both in Minneapolis. The horizontal lines of the Prairie School are more pronounced in this house; they are expressed in the bands of art glass windows on both levels and the cantilevered second story. Its owner, E.S. Hoyt, was the president of the Red Wing Stoneware Company.</p><br>
<p>The exterior is clad with brick on the first floor and red stucco on the second floor. The house has ten rooms and about 4,000 ft&sup2; of floor space. It has more than a hundred diamond-paned art glass windows and a considerable amount of sawn wood ornamentation. The second story of the house is cantilevered over the first story, and the reddish stucco prompted neighbors to call it "that Chinese house". The entrance opens into a hallway that leads to a library on the left and a living room on the right. The living room, dining room, and an enclosed porch are all stretched across the front of the house and provide plenty of light through the art glass windows. Several of these windows provide panoramic views of the Mississippi River. The kitchen is located behind the dining room, although it has been remodeled since its original design. The second floor of the house has four bedrooms and two bathrooms, several of which have corner windows that expand the sense of space. The maid&#39;s room, over the kitchen, had a separate staircase.</p><br>
<p>Mt. Nebo is a historic home located at Poolesville, Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. It is a large -story gable-roofed frame dwelling constructed in three periods: the main block, dating to the second quarter of the 19th century; a -story wing extends from the rear of the main block, which appears to have been an earlier dwelling from the late 18th century; and a two-story addition was made to the east gable end of the main block around the turn of the 20th century. Also on the property is a mid-19th-century log smokehouse and the remains of an early terraced "waterfall" garden. The property derives additional significance from its association with the White family through the latter half of the 19th century. Joseph White  was a locally prominent supporter of the Confederate cause during the American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>Mt. Nebo was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Old Chiswell Place, also known as Blue Plains, is a historic home and property located at Poolesville, Montgomery County, Maryland. The home is a frame, log, and brick structure built in three stages. In addition to the residence, there is a meathouse of log with an attached springhouse. There is a small log house probably used for storage with sandstone chips used between the logs. There is also an early corncrib made of frame and logs. It has the further significance of having been the home of three men distinguished in their period. George Frazier Magruder bought this farm in 1778 and moved from neighboring Prince George&#39;s County where he had been a fourth generation resident and planter.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>The Louis Joubert Lock  also known as the Normandie Dock, is a lock and major dry dock located in the port of Saint-Nazaire, in Loire-Atlantique northwestern France.</p><br>
<p>Owned by the Port authority of Nantes-Saint-Nazaire and not the ship building company Chantiers de l&#39;Atlantique, its strategic importance as a major naval construction and maintenance asset since its completion in 1934, resulted in it becoming the main target of the British Army Commando raid of 1942, the St. Nazaire Raid, to stop German battleships such as Tirpitz from accessing maintenance facilities in the Atlantic Ocean.</p><br>
<h2>Functions</h2><br>
<p>The lock has two major functions:</p><br>
<p>To give access to the Loire River and hence the Atlantic Ocean for ships of the biggest size, from the port of Saint-Nazaire. The port maintains a constant water level, and the lock allows this to be maintained while also allowing access to for the largest ships</p><br>
<p>For the maintenance and the construction of large ships, the lock can be drained and hence made into a dry dock, making it possible to work on normally submerged or immersed parts of ships.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>As an historic major seaport on the western edge of the Atlantic, the closest for ships coming from the western Atlantic to France, Saint-Nazaire had played a major part in World War I as a disembarkation point for United States Army troops. The US Army had undertaken various development projects around Saint-Nazaire, including the construction of a refrigeration plant in the docks for storage of imported meat and dairy products.</p><br>
<p>At the end of the First World War, the Port Authority of Saint-Nazaire envisaged the construction of a third basin to mitigate the port&#39;s then lack of large scale ship facilities. However, due to the post-war recession and resultant down turn in shipping traffic, the idea was abandoned. However, scale problems encountered during the construction of the SS Île de France, and the opportunity to build the proposed super passenger liner which would become the SS Normandie, resulted in a reassessment of the project.</p><br>
<p>Designed and engineered by Albert Caquot, work started in February 1929, and final acceptance took place in 1933. The facility, then the largest dry dock in the world, connected the Penhoet basin with the Loire River. It was named after the former president of the Saint-Nazaire Chamber of Commerce, Louis Joubert, who had died in 1930.</p><br>
<p>With the fall of France in 1940, the dock took on new strategic importance for the Germans, as it was the only dry dock on the West Coast of France capable of servicing the battleships Bismarck and Tirpitz. The location gave access to the Atlantic Ocean, by-passing the Royal Navy&#39;s defensive lines organised along the GIUK gap. Of course the battleships had to get there though. Bismarck broke into the Atlantic in 1941 but was damaged in the Battle of the Denmark Strait. She was heading for St. Nazaire for repair when she was brought to battle by the Royal Navy and sunk, leaving Tirpitz as the largest surface threat from the Kriegsmarine.</p><br>
<h2>St. Nazaire Raid</h2><br>
<p>On March 27, 1942, the Joubert was the main target of Operation Chariot. The original strategic purpose of the combined Royal Navy and British Commandos raid was to make Joubert – the only port on the Atlantic capable of servicing the German battleships Bismarck (already sunk by 1942) and Tirpitz – inoperative. This gave the port a strong strategic importance to the Axis Powers during the Second World War, and it was decided that if this drydock could be put out of action, then any offensive sortie by the Tirpitz into the Atlantic could be much more dangerous for her, and probably not worth the risk.</p><br>
<p>After Operation Rheinübung on 18–27 May 1941 – in which the Bismarck and heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen were to have ended their operational raid at Saint-Nazaire, but which resulted in the sinking of and the sinking of the Bismarck – the need for the Allies to take the Joubert out of operation was increased.</p><br>
<p>A force of 611 British Commandos launched the St. Nazaire Raid against the shipyards of Saint-Nazaire, codenamed "Operation Chariot". The old British destroyer HMS Campbeltown was used as a ram-ship loaded with explosives against the Loire River estuary gate of the Joubert Lock; its later explosion, combined with commando destruction of the lock&#39;s pumping facility and machinery, made it inoperative.</p><br>
<p>Although the Nazi German forces tried to repair the facility, the Joubert Lock remained out of commission for the rest of the war, and it did not function again until 1948; it was not recommissioned until 1950. The first ship to be accommodated after being repaired was the former German ocean liner SS Europa, which on refit became the SS Liberté, which was given to France by the United States of America in compensation for the loss of the SS Normandie in New York.</p><br>
<h2>Major dimensions</h2><br>
<p>Length: 350 m</p><br>
<p>Width: 50 m</p><br>
<p>Height: 15.25 m</p><br>
<p>Lock gates: caisson-and-camber, each 51 m long and 11 m thick, constructed of hollow steel sections</p><br>
<p>Volume of water: approximately 260,000 m&sup3</p><br>
<p>The Samuel Orton Harrison House, located in West Caldwell in Essex County, New Jersey, United States, was selected for inclusion in the Historic American Buildings Survey  as significantly representative of Greek Revival architectural style. The dwelling was built between 1830 and 1840 and remained in possession of Mrs. Hannah Harrison until 1946 when the property was sold to historic preservationist Raymond Dey. At the time of sale the structure was virtually unchanged from its initial build. Dey subsequently performed renovations and minor alterations to the first floor plan to enable continued use as a private residence. Under subsequent ownership the house was placed on the National Register of Historic Placeson October 26, 1979.</p><br>
<p>The property came under threat as the estate of the late Sandford Cole was being probated during the peak of a highly speculative real estate market in 2007. The town, eager to reassert manifest destiny and rid itself of an albatross of history, quickly approved demolition. The structure was razed without notice much to the sadness of many local residents.</p><br>
<p>As for Timothy Cole&#39;s share of the estate, it has since been largely dissipated in the securities markets by the estate managers for the late Sandford S. Cole.</p><br>
<p>The Antelope Range is a mountain range in Nye County, Nevada. A small part of the range extends north into southern Eureka County. The community of Eureka is about 35 km to the northeast of north end of the range.</p><br>
<p>The Antelope Range is a north-northeast trending linear range with a length of approximately 42 km and a width of about 15 km. The Monitor Range lies to the west across the Antelope Valley on the northwest and Little Fish Lake Valley on the southwest. Hot Creek Range adjoins the range to the south across Long Canyon. To the east lie the Park Range and Little Smokey Valley with the Fish Creek Range to the northeast.</p><br>
<p>Highest peaks in the range are Ninemile Peak at 3,080 m just south of the Eureka–Nye County line and Moonshine Peak 2,877 m about 18.4 km to the south. Little Smokey Valley floor 20.7 km east of Ninemile Peak is at an elevation of 1,850 m.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Middle Ordovician Whiterock Stage was named for geologic units in the region.</p><br>
<p>Buckden Pike is a fell at the head of Wharfedale, a valley in the Yorkshire Dales, that stands above the village of Buckden. At 702 m, it narrowly misses out on being the highest peak in the area, the title instead going to nearby Great Whernside . The summit is marked by a trig point.</p><br>
<h2>Routes of ascent</h2><br>
<p>Perhaps the easiest and shortest route up the mountain is a bridleway from Buckden, although this is steep and boggy in parts, and therefore somewhat unsuitable for cyclists and those on horseback.</p><br>
<p>Another route, on Access Land, follows Buckden Beck as far as the disused Buckden Lead Mine, then joins a Permitted Footpath to the summit.</p><br>
<p>A longer and more challenging walk is the circular route taking in Buckden, Buckden Pike, Great Whernside and Kettlewell. Walkers can start and finish at either of the car parks in Buckden or Kettlewell - traditionally the leg along the River Wharfe (part of the Dales Way) is completed at the end of the day for an easier finish.</p><br>
<h2>Buckden Pike Memorial Cross</h2><br>
<p>To the south of the summit is a memorial cross, dedicated to the memory of five Polish airmen of the Polish Air Force 18th Polish Operational Training Unit based at RAF Bramcote who crashed their Wellington Bomber on 30 January 1942. The memorial was created by, with help from various locals, the sole survivor of the crash Jozef "Joe" Fusniak, and completed on 8 August 1973. Fusniak died in July 2017.</p><br>
<h2>The view</h2><br>
<p>There are fine views from the summit. The most extensive are to the East and West. To the East is the ridge running from Little Whernside to the summit of Wharfedale&#39;s highest peak, Great Whernside. To the West are views into the heart of the Yorkshire Dales, including mountains such as The Yorkshire Three Peaks, as well as closer peaks such as Firth Fell and Yockenthwaite Moor. To be found close to the summit is a large wooden pole, standing vertically; it has a number of large holes focused on different views - this used to be labelled with information cards but is no longer.</p><br>
<h2>Buckden Pike Fell Race</h2><br>
<p>Every year, Buckden Pike is host to the Buckden Pike Fell Race, which is held on the third Saturday in June and coincides with Buckden village gala. The race was first run in 1981 on a course designed by Peter Jebb. In 1987, Peter altered the course to make it tougher and more interesting and it has remained unchanged ever since and this was the course on which the records were set. It has now become a classic race in the fell runners calendar and this is recognised by the fact that it is regularly selected as an English championship race. The race record is held by Colin Donnelly who, in 1988, completed the course in a time of 30:51. The women&#39;s record is held by Carol Greenwood who in 1993, finished with a time of 36:32.</p><br>
<p>The Mississippi Canyon is an undersea canyon, part of the Mississippi Submarine Valley in the North-central Gulf of Mexico, south of Louisiana. According to the U.S. Geological Survey GLORIA Mapping Program, it is the dominant feature of the north-central Gulf of Mexico. According to GCAGS Transactions, it has an average width of 8 km, and a length of 120 km. The US Minerals Management Service  applies the name Mississippi Canyon to numbered federal oil and gas lease blocks over a large offshore area centered on, but mostly outside, the submarine canyon.</p><br>
<h2>Oil and gas exploration and production</h2><br>
<p>According to "Deepwater Gulf of Mexico 2004: America&#39;s Expanding Frontier", a report issued by the Minerals Management Service (MMS) Gulf of Mexico OCS Region, of the ten deepwater discoveries in water depths greater than 7,000 ft (2,134 m), three were in the Mississippi Canyon area: Aconcagua project, area/block MC305, 7,379 ft deep; and Camden Hills project, MC348, 7,530 ft deep, both discovered in 1999; and Blind Faith project, MC696, 7,116 ft deep, discovered in 2001. In a separate section of the same report, note is made of acreage in the Thunder Horse project, MC778, acquired in 1988. Other projects noted for Mississippi Canyon include Thunder Horse areas/blocks MC775-778 and MC819-822, listed as completed grid PEA (programmatic environmental assessment) by BP.</p><br>
<p>An MMS list of 80 development systems of productive deepwater Gulf of Mexico projects from 1979 to 2003 includes 29 projects in the Mississippi Canyon area:</p><br>
<p>Five of the top 20 deepwater Gulf of Mexico production blocks for 2000-01 were in the Mississippi Canyon, including the top 2: Project Mars, 2,933 ft deep, 137 million barrels of oil equivalent (BOE); project Ursa, 3,800 ft deep, 93 million barrels of BOE; project Mensa, 5,280 ft, 27 million barrels of BOE; Cognac, 1,023 ft, 23 million barrels of BOE; Crosby, 4,259 ft, 18 million barrels of BOE, all managed by Shell.</p><br>
<h2>Deepwater Horizon explosion</h2><br>
<p>On April 20, 2010, the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig, located in the MMS Mississippi Canyon block 252, which is about 40 mi off the Louisiana coast, suffered a catastrophic explosion; it sank a day-and-a-half later. Although initial reports indicated that relatively little oil had leaked, by April 27 it was stated by BP that approximately 5,000 barrels of oil per day were issuing from the wellhead, 1 mi below the surface on the ocean floor. The resulting oil slick quickly expanded to cover hundreds of square miles of ocean surface, posing a threat to marine life and adjacent coastal wetlands. On June 10, the Flow Rate Group from the Deepwater Horizon Incident Joint Information Center reported that they have determined that the estimated flow rate from the out of control well head has been 20,000 barrels to 40,000 barrels per day.</p><br>
<p>The Sandy Spring Friends Meetinghouse is a historic building located at Sandy Spring, Montgomery County, Maryland. It is a large, Flemish bond brick, Federal-style Quaker Meeting House built in 1817. The meetinghouse is on two acres deeded by James Brooke in the 1750s, for the use of the Quaker Meeting. Nearby is the cemetery where he and many of his descendants were buried.</p><br>
<p>In the mid-1900s a community house was built adjacent, "where first day school" classes and "young friends" meet. The weekly meeting (congregation) was also essential in the formation of Sandy Spring Friends School, and Friends House (an assisted living community), both built nearby on Norwood Road.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>The Thomas and Company Cannery is a historic building located at Gaithersburg, Montgomery County, Maryland. It is a one to two-story tall, free-standing, load-bearing brick rectangular structure composed of four discrete, structurally independent but contiguous elements, built between 1917 and 1918. An addition was constructed in 1956. It was the first and largest vegetable cannery in Montgomery County. The cannery was the primary employer in Gaithersburg, providing regular full and part-time employment for more than 200 people, and hundreds of additional jobs for migrant workers employed picking vegetables grown in the surrounding area. It closed in 1963, after fire damage.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>Seneca Quarry is a historic site located at Seneca, Montgomery County, Maryland. It is located along the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal on the north bank of the Potomac River, just west of Seneca Creek. The quarry was the source of stone for two Potomac River canals: the Potowmack Canal  on the Virginia side of Great Falls; and the C&O Canal, having supplied red sandstone for the latter for locks 9, 11, 15 - 27, and 30, the accompanying lock houses, and Aqueduct No. 1, better known as Seneca Aqueduct, constructed from 1828 to 1833.</p><br>
<p>Seneca red sandstone, also known as redstone, formed during the late Triassic age, 230 to 210 million years ago. The current geological name is Poolesville Member of Manassas Sandstone. Iron oxide gives the sandstone its rust color. It was prized for its ease of cutting, durability and bright color.</p><br>
<p>The stone quarried here for the Smithsonian Castle was originally described as "lilac grey" in color when quarried," but turned rusty red as it weathered.</p><br>
<p>Numerous quarries operated on the one-mile stretch of the Potomac River west of Seneca Creek. The C&O Canal provided a way for the heavy sandstone to reach the Washington, DC market, and the quarry&#39;s success is attributed to the canal. The Peter family of Georgetown, which built Tudor Place, owned the quarry from 1781 until 1866. John P.C. Peter, a great-grandson of Martha Washington, made the quarry into a commercial success by utilizing the C&O and winning the bid to supply red sandstone for the Smithsonian Castle, constructed 1847-1855. Peter built the stonecutting mill, drawing power from the adjacent canal turning basin. He also built a miniature of Tudor Place near the quarry called Montevideo, now owned by the Kiplinger family.</p><br>
<p>Seneca Quarry provided the stone for hundreds of buildings around the Washington, DC area, including houses in the Dupont Circle and Adams Morgan area, the James Renwick, Jr-designed Trinity Episcopal Church (1849; demolished 1936), Luther Place Memorial Church (1873), and the D.C. Jail in the 1870s. Montgomery C. Meigs purchased the Government Quarry nearby for the Washington Aqueduct project in the 1850s, and that quarry provided stone for the parapet of the Union Arch Bridge, better known as the "Cabin John Bridge," the Washington Aqueduct Dam at Great Falls, McClellan Gate at Arlington National Cemetery, as well as the mile-long boundary wall that surrounds the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>After the American Civil War, the Seneca Sandstone Company purchased the quarry in 1866, expanding the stonecutting mill in 1868, but went bankrupt in 1876 after financial mismanagement, sometimes referred to as the "Seneca Stone Ring Scandal." It was closed for seven years. In 1883, the Potomac Red Sandstone Company reopened the quarry but only operated until 1889, when the Great Flood of 1889 knocked out the C&O Canal for two years. Baltimore quarry operator George Mann purchased the Seneca quarry in 1891 and operated it for the next decade. By 1901, quarrying operations had stopped as the quality of the rock diminished and Victorian architecture was no longer in vogue.</p><br>
<p>The Seneca Schoolhouse, a small one-room schoolhouse of red sandstone, was built in 1866 to educate the children of the stone cutters who worked at the quarry. Located in Poolesville, Maryland, it provides tours to schoolchildren so that they can experience a typical school day as it would have been on March 13, 1880.</p><br>
<p>Seneca Quarry is now overgrown with sycamore trees, tulip poplars, and dense brush such as wild rose, such that it is impenetrable much of the year. It is best visited in winter. The property includes ruins of the stonecutting mill, located at "the Junction of Seneca Creek and the C&O Canal, just NW of the aqueduct" and the restored quarry master&#39;s house, located within Seneca Creek State Park. The quarry proper, Seneca Aqueduct, and the quarry cemetery are all part of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park. The quarry falls within the boundaries of the Seneca Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Seneca Quarry was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
